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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for law enforcement
77 results foundAuthor: Ditmore, Melissa Title: Kicking Down the Door: The Use of Raids to Fight Trafficking in Persons Summary: This report summarizes the findings of a human rights documentation project to explore the impacts and effectiveness of current anti-trafficking approaches in the United States from a variety of perspectives. The data collected suggests that vice raids conducted by local law enforcement agencies are in ineffective means of locating and identifying trafficked persons. The research also reveals that vice raids and federal anti-trafficking raids are all too frequently accompanied by violations of human rights of trafficked persons and sex workers alike, and can therefore be counterproductive to the underlying goals of anti-trafficking initiatives. Details: New York: Sex Workers Project, Urban Justice Center, 2009. 74p. Source: Accessed April 17, 2018 at: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://sexworkersproject.org/downloads/swp-2009-raids-and-trafficking-report.pdf Shelf Number: 117114 Keywords: Human TraffickingLaw EnforcementPolice BehaviorProstitutionSex WorkersSexual Exploitation |
Author: Capps, Randy Title: Paying the Price: The Impact of Immigration Raids on America's Children Summary: Over the past year, Immigration and Customs Enforcement has intensified immigration enforcement activities by conducting several large-scale worksite raids across the country. From an in-depth study of three communities: Greeley, CO, Grand Island, NE and New Bedford, MA. This report details the impact of these worksite raids on the well-being of children. Thie report provides detailed recommendations to a variety of stakeholders to help mitigate the harmful effects of worksite raids on children. Details: Washington, DC: National Council of La Raza, 2007 Source: Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115336 Keywords: Immigration LawJuvenilesLaw EnforcementPolice Behavior |
Author: Kammer, Jerry Title: The 2006 Swift Raids: Assessing the Impact of Immigration Enforcement Actions at Six Facilities Summary: The report examines the raids and their aftermath of the 2006 Swift & Co. meat processing plant raids. Impacts on illegal immigrants, the work force, and the employee screening of Swift are examined. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2009 Source: Backgrounder Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115525 Keywords: Illegal ImmigrationLaw Enforcement |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of the Inspector General. Evaluation and Inspections Division Title: Review of the Department of Justice's Use of Less-Lethal Weapons Summary: This review was undertaken to determine the types of less-lethal weapons used by the Department's law enforcement components; the extent to which the components are using these weapons; whether training and controls have been implemented to ensure the weapons are used properly; whether Department components have identified the impact of using these weapons on their missions; and whether the Department assesses, deploys, and oversees new and emerging less-lethal weapon technologies. Details: Washington, DC: 2009 Source: Report Number I-2009-003 Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115358 Keywords: Law EnforcementWeapons |
Author: Nicholas, Roger Title: An Environmental Scan on Alcohol and Other Drug Issues Facing Law Enforcement in Australia 2010. Summary: Environmental scanning, as with any form of predicting the future, is not a purely scientific endeavor. It involves drawing together data from a large range of sources, ranging from refereed journals to the opinions of experts in a given field, in order to try and better understand current and future trends. This document contains the key findings of an environmental scan on alcohol and other drug issues facing law enforcement in Australia. Details: Hobart, Tasmania: National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, 2008. 219o, Source: Year: 2008 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 118167 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseDrug Abuse and AddictionDrug EnforcementLaw Enforcement |
Author: Wyler, Liana Title: International Illegal Trade in Wildlife: Threats and U.S. Policy Summary: This report focuses on the international trade in terrestrial fauna, largely excluding trade in illegal plants, including timber, and fish and how it relates to U.S. Policy Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2008, 50p. Source: Internet Source Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 115335 Keywords: CorruptionEnvironmental CrimeLaw EnforcementWildlife Crimes |
Author: Bourque, Jimmy Title: The Effectiveness of Profiling from a National Security Perspective Summary: This study examines whether the use of profiling techniques by law enforcement agencies makes any real contribution to national security while also protecting human rights. Details: Ottawa: Canadian Human Rights Commission and Canadian Race Relations Foundation, 2009. 104p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: Canada URL: Shelf Number: 118361 Keywords: Ethnic GroupsHuman RightsLaw EnforcementProfilingRace/Ethnicity |
Author: Langton, Lynn Title: Women in Law Enforcement, 1987-2008 Summary: This report presents data from the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics surveys, covering 1987 to 2007, and from the Census of Federal Law Enforcement Officers from 1996-2008. This data brief presents trends in the percent of law enforcement officers at the local, state, and federal level who are women. It compares the percent of female law enforcement officers in individual police departments with 2,000 or more sworn officers between 1997 and 2007. The report also provides the percent of female officers in 1998 and 2008 in specific federal agencies with 500 or more sworn officers. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2010. 4p. Source: Internet Resource; Crime Data Brief Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119137 Keywords: Female Police OfficersLaw EnforcementPolicing |
Author: Maguire, Edward Title: Implementing Community Policing: Lessons from 12 Agencies Summary: This report examines the implementation of community policing in 12 local police agencies across the U.S., drawing conclusions from tangible and visible phenomena about what community policing means to the agencies claiming to practice it. It describes and analyzes the experiences of local law enforcement agencies and the lessons learned as they work to define, make sense of, and implement community policing, and synthesizes what was learned in eight community policing topic-specific chapters. While there is no one-size fits-all approach to implementing community policing or any other innovation, this report offers police officials at all levels, from patrol officers to police chiefs, ideas that can be used in their own organizations to help implement effective community policing throughout the U.S. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2009. 211p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119203 Keywords: Community PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice AdministrationPolice Agencies |
Author: Stuster, Jack Title: Creating Impaired Driving General Deterrence: Eight Case Studies of Sustained, High-Visibility, Impaired-Driving Enforcement Summary: This document presents eight case studies of selected programmatic efforts intended to reduce the incidence of impaired driving and in other ways improve traffic safety. Each of the programs is unique, but all eight are characterized by sustained, highvisibility, special impaired driving enforcement activity and all are supported by vigorous publicity and education campaigns. The purpose of this collection of case studies is to provide law enforcement managers and others with information about how they might develop similar programs in their jurisdictions. Twenty-nine special enforcement programs from across the United States were investigated and summarized during this project, from which a sample of programs was selected for additional study and description. The resulting eight case studies include information about: Distinguishing Features; Setting; Background and Planning; Special Enforcement Methods; Frequency of Operations and Duration of Program; Participation; Public Awareness and Program Visibility; Funding; Lessons Learned; Evidence of Program Effect; and, Contacts. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2006. 100p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 119524 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDrunk DrivingLaw EnforcementPublicity Campaigns |
Author: Davis, Lois M. Title: Long-Term Effects of Law Enforcement's Post-9/11 Focus on Counterterrorism and Homeland Security Summary: Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the need for increased counterterrorism (CT) and homeland security (HS) efforts at the federal, state, and local levels has taken the spotlight in public safety efforts. In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, many law enforcement agencies (LEAs) shifted more resources toward developing CT and HS capabilities, and the federal government continues to support these efforts with grants provided through the Department of Homeland Security. This monograph examines the long-term adjustments that large urban LEAs have made to accommodate the focus on CT and HS, as well as the advantages and challenges associated with it. The study relies primarily on in-depth case studies of five large urban LEAs, as well as a review of federal HS grant programs and a quantitative analysis of the potential costs associated with shifting law enforcement personnel from traditional policing to focus on HS and CT functions. Major trends among the five case study LEAs include the creation of specialized departments and units, as well as an increased emphasis on information-sharing, which, nationwide, has led to the creation of fusion centers that serve as formal hubs for regional information-sharing networks. LEAs' HS and CT efforts are also greatly influenced by the restrictions and requirements associated with federal HS grant funding. Finally, using cost-of-crime estimates, it is possible to partially quantify the costs associated with LEAs' shifting of personnel away from traditional crime prevention toward CT and HS - there are also clear benefits associated with law enforcement's focus on CT and HS, but they are difficult to quantify, and this is posing a challenge for LEAs as the economic downturn puts pressure on public budgets. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2010. 133p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 15, 2010 at: http://health.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1031.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://health.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2010/RAND_MG1031.pdf Shelf Number: 120522 Keywords: CounterterrorismDomestic IntelligenceEmergency PreparednessHomeland SecurityLaw Enforcement |
Author: Jayamaha, Dilshika Title: Lessons Learned from U.S. Government Law Enforcement in International Operations Summary: Law enforcement (LE) aspects have been an increasingly prominent feature within the U.S. Government’s (USG’s) commitment to international operations. Beyond the deployment of police personnel to interim policing missions, LE agencies may also be involved in international operations to enforce U.S. domestic law; for capacity building; and/or in support of U.S. military forces. This analysis examines lessons from three operations: Panama (1989-99), Colombia (1989-Present), and Kosovo (1998-Present). This analysis was supported by an extensive range of interviews and in-country field research in Colombia and Kosovo. The lessons learned were developed and validated in a series of workshops with subject matter experts. The results show the pervasive and complex role that law enforcement and related issues have played in contemporary international operations. Despite the unique circumstances and history of each operation, there were key findings that are common to all operations considered and have implications for broader USG law enforcement efforts in support of current and future international operations. Details: Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 2010. 166p. Source: Internet Resource: PKSOI Papers: Accessed February 2, 2011 at: http://pksoi.army.mil/PKM/publications/papers/paperreview.cfm?paperID=17 Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://pksoi.army.mil/PKM/publications/papers/paperreview.cfm?paperID=17 Shelf Number: 120673 Keywords: International PolicingLaw EnforcementPeacekeeping |
Author: Weissman, Deborah M. Title: The Policies and Politics of Local Immigration Enforcement Laws: 287(g) Program in North Carolina Summary: In 1996, the US Congress amended the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) to include section 287(g), authorizing the federal agency U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) to enter into agreements with local law enforcement agencies, thereby deputizing officers to act as immigration officers in the course of their daily activities. These individual agreements are commonly known as Memoranda of Agreement or MOAs. It is estimated that over sixty law enforcement agencies have entered into such agreements, with eight MOAs currently in North Carolina. The 287(g) program was originally intended to target and remove undocumented immigrants convicted of “violent crimes, human smuggling, gang/organized crime activity, sexual-related offenses, narcotics smuggling and money laundering.” However, MOAs are in actuality being used to purge towns and cities of “unwelcome” immigrants and thereby having detrimental effects on North Carolina’s communities. Such effects include: • The marginalization of an already vulnerable population, as 287(g) encourages, or at the very least tolerates, racial profiling and baseless stereotyping, resulting in the harassment of citizens and isolation of the Hispanic community. • A fear of law enforcement that causes immigrant communities to refrain from reporting crimes, thereby compromising public safety for immigrants and citizens alike. • Economic devastation for already struggling municipalities, as immigrants are forced to flee communities, causing a loss of profits for local businesses and a decrease in tax revenues. • Violations of basic American liberties and legal protections that threaten to diminish the civil rights of citizens and ease the way for future encroachments into basic fundamental freedoms. The current implementation processes of 287(g) also present a number of legal issues which implicate many individual rights and threaten to compromise the rights of the community as a whole. Details: Raleigh, NC: American Civil Liberties Union of North Carolina Legal Foundation: Chapel Hill, NC: Immigration & Human Rights Policy Clinic, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Law, 2009. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 15, 2011 at: http://www.law.unc.edu/documents/clinicalprograms/287gpolicyreview.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.law.unc.edu/documents/clinicalprograms/287gpolicyreview.pdf Shelf Number: 120773 Keywords: -ImmigrationIllegal ImmigrantsImmigrants (North Carolina)Law EnforcementRacial Profiling |
Author: Bolick, Clint Title: Mission Unaccomplished: The Misplaced Priorities of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office Summary: The Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office is responsible for vitally important law-enforcement functions in one of the largest counties in the nation. It defines its core missions as law-enforcement services, support services, and detention. MCSO falls seriously short of fulfilling its mission in all three areas. Although MCSO is adept at self-promotion and is an unquestionably “tough” law-enforcement agency, under its watch violent crime rates recently have soared, both in absolute terms and relative to other jurisdictions. It has diverted resources away from basic law-enforcement functions to highly publicized immigration sweeps, which are ineffective in policing illegal immigration and in reducing crime generally, and to extensive trips by MCSO officials to Honduras for purposes that are nebulous at best. Profligate spending on those diversions helped produce a financial crisis in late 2007 that forced MCSO to curtail or reduce important law-enforcement functions. In terms of support services, MCSO has allowed a huge backlog of outstanding warrants to accumulate, and has seriously disadvantaged local police departments by closing satellite booking facilities. MCSO’s detention facilities are subject to costly lawsuits for excessive use of force and inadequate medical services. Compounding the substantive problems are chronically poor record-keeping and reporting of statistics, coupled with resistance to public disclosure. Our focus in this paper is exclusively on effective law-enforcement. We find that MCSO’s effectiveness has been compromised for the past several years by misplaced priorities that have diverted it from its mission. We recommend several reforms that will increase the effectiveness of MCSO specifically as well as law-enforcement agencies throughout Arizona. Details: Phoenix, AZ: Goldwater Institute, 2008. 22p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Report No. 229: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/Common/Img/Mission%20Unaccomplished.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.goldwaterinstitute.org/Common/Img/Mission%20Unaccomplished.pdf Shelf Number: 120896 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice Administration (Arizona)Police-Media RelationsSheriff's Department (Arizona) |
Author: Janetta, Jesse Title: Promoting Partnerships between Police and Community Supervision Agencies: How Coordination Can Reduce Crime and Improve Public Safety Summary: The past two decades have witnessed a period of revitalization for the field of law enforcement, marked by the emergence of a new paradigm of policing that embraces data-driven decision-making, emphasizes partnerships with the community, and underscores the belief that policing can be effective in making neighborhoods safer. During the same period, community supervision agencies have experienced a parallel shift in focus and philosophy, suggesting the potential for such agencies to enhance their role in improving public safety. The reenergizing of community supervision could not come at a more opportune time because it is needed to meet the challenges of the tremendous volume of people sentenced to probation or returning from prison. At any given time, 4.2 million adults are on probation supervision in the United States. Approximately 735,000 prisoners are released from state and federal prisons annually, and more than 500,000 are released to parole supervision. Adjudicated juveniles place an additional strain on community supervision agencies because approximately 42 percent of all petitioned cases result in an order of probation supervision. Moreover, 47,000 individuals (39,100 probationers and 7,900 parolees) were under community supervision in tribal areas in 2008, equaling a 7.9 percent increase from 2007. The potential impact that these supervisees have on public safety is undeniable: over two-thirds of released adult prisoners are arrested for a new crime within three years of release. While supervised populations may pose significant challenges for police and community supervision agencies, a partnership between the two can help them improve public safety. A community policing orientation, with a focus on building partnerships and engaging in problem-solving efforts to address crime, social disorder, and the fear of crime proactively, provides a strong foundation for collaboration between police and community supervision agencies. The two are allies and partners in the work of reintegrating parolees into their communities and managing probationers so that they refrain from criminal activity. Each agency can bring its skills, competencies, resources, and knowledge to a partnership. Police understand crime prevention and neighborhood dynamics; this knowledge can be valuable to community supervision agencies as they shift their focus toward preventing supervisees from committing a violation of their probation or parole conditions (as opposed to simply responding to violations once they occur). In turn, community supervision agencies know their supervisees, including the risks they present, potential triggers to reoffending, and interventions necessary to keep them in compliance. Building on the distinct strengths of both police and community supervision agencies, such partnerships can aid in the prevention of crime and enhance public safety. This guidebook is intended for all levels of police and community supervision personnel, as agency executives, supervisors, and line officers all have an opportunity to contribute to and benefit from partnering. The first section of this guidebook discusses why police and community supervision agencies should be interested in developing partnerships and what each partner can contribute to them. The second section discusses the key elements of partnership, specifically intelligence and information sharing, case planning and supporting behavior change, problem-solving approaches, targeted interventions for special populations, and focused deterrence efforts. Throughout the guidebook, examples of partnerships in the field are provided to offer tangible illustrations of how police/community supervision collaboration can be structured. While many of these examples focus on urban areas, the principles discussed throughout this guidebook are equally relevant for police and supervision agencies in rural areas where large agency boundaries can pose significant challenges for supervising probationers and parolees. These challenges only increase the need for interagency coordination and partnerships. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2011. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 19, 2011 at: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412362-promoting-partnerships-police-community-supervision-agencies.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412362-promoting-partnerships-police-community-supervision-agencies.pdf Shelf Number: 122113 Keywords: CollaborationCommunity Corrections (U.S.)Community-Oriented PolicingLaw EnforcementOffender SupervisionParoleesPrisoner ReentryProbationersPublic Safety |
Author: Finklea, Kristin M. Title: The Interplay of Borders, Turf, Cyberspace, and Jurisdiction: Issues Confronting U.S. Law Enforcement Summary: Savvy criminals constantly develop new techniques to target U.S. persons, businesses, and interests. Individual criminals as well as broad criminal networks exploit geographic borders, criminal turf, cyberspace, and law enforcement jurisdiction to dodge law enforcement countermeasures. Further, the interplay of these realities can potentially encumber policing measures. In light of these interwoven realities, policy makers may question how to best design policies to help law enforcement combat ever-evolving criminal threats. Criminals routinely take advantage of geographic borders. They thrive on their ability to illicitly cross borders, subvert border security regimens, and provide illegal products or services. Many crimes — particularly those of a cyber nature — have become increasi ngly transnational. While criminals may operate across geographic borders and jurisdictional boundaries, law enforcement may not be able to do so with the same ease. Moreover, obstacles such as disparities between the legal regimens of nations (what is considered a crime in one country may not be in another) and differences in willingness to extradite suspected criminals can hamper prosecutions. The law enforcement community has, however, expanded its working relationships with both domestic and international agencies. Globalization and technological innovation have fostered the expansion of both legitimate and criminal operations across physical borders as well as throughout cyberspace. Advanced, rapid communication systems have made it easier for criminals to carry out their operations remotely from their victims and members of their illicit networks. In the largely borderless cyber domain, criminals can rely on relative anonymity and a rather seamless environment to conduct illicit business. Further, in the rapidly evolving digital age, law enforcement may not have the technological capabilities to keep up with the pace of criminals. Some criminal groups establish their own operational “borders” by defining and defending the “turf” or territories they control. Similarly, U.S. law enforcement often remains constrained by its own notions of “turf” — partly defined in terms of competing agency-level priorities and jurisdictions. While some crimes are worked under the jurisdiction of a proprietary agency, others are not investigated under such clear lines. These investigative overlaps and a lack of data and information sharing can hinder law enforcement anti-crime efforts. U.S. law enforcement has, particularly since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, increasingly relied on intelligence-led policing, enhanced interagency cooperation, and technological implementation to confront 21st century crime. For instance, enforcement agencies have used formal and informal interagency agreements as well as fusion centers and task forces to assimilate information and coordinate operations. Nonetheless, there have been notable impediments in implementing effective information sharing systems and relying on up-to-date technology. Congress may question how it can leverage its legislative and oversight roles to bolster U.S. law enforcement’s abilities to confront modern-day crime. For instance, Congress may consider whether federal law enforcement has the existing authorities, technology, and resources — both monetary and manpower — to counter 21st century criminals. Congress may also examine whether federal law enforcement is utilizing existing mechanisms to effectively coordinate investigations and share information. Details: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: R41927: Accessed August 9, 2011 at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41927.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41927.pdf Shelf Number: 122332 Keywords: Criminal NetworksCybercrimeCybercriminalsIntelligence GatheringLaw Enforcement |
Author: Arias, Enrique Desmond Title: Introductory Handbook on Policing Urban Space Summary: Over the past 20 years, Governments and civic actors have focused substantially on the question of crime and urban law enforcement efforts. It has come to be recognized that crime is unevenly distributed throughout the world. In certain countries, such as Guatemala, the homicide rate is higher than 30 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, whereas in many other countries, including in Western Europe or South- East Asia, it is more than 10 times lower. Important disparities are also observed between and within regions: in Africa, Egypt, Mauritius and Morocco have homicide rates that are lower than 3 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, far lower than those in South Africa. Discrepancies can also be significant within the same country. In Colombia, for example, the city of Tunja (population 150,000) has a rate of 7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, compared with 128 per 100,000 inhabitants in the city of San José del Guaviare (population 50,000). Finally, within the same city, homicide rates can vary significantly from one neighbourhood to another. In Rio de Janeiro, for example, rates vary from 2 to 12 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants, depending on the neighbourhood. A recent statistical report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) shows stable or decreasing global homicide trends over the period 2003-2008 for the majority of countries for which data is available in the Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Exceptions to the trend include a number of Caribbean and Central and South American countries, including Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), which show significant increases in homicide rates. Research suggests that this may be due, in part, to increases in transnational organized crime, illicit drug trafficking and gang activity. In addition, a slight increase was seen between 2007 and 2008 in a few countries in Europe, demonstrating a need for continued vigilance and effective crime prevention action. Unfortunately, data for a number of countries in Africa and in parts of Asia are not robust enough to provide a clear picture for a useful analysis. Intentional homicide (the intentional killing of one person by another) is one of the most serious forms of crime and a key indicator of violent crime levels in a given country or region. intelligence-led policing, situational crime prevention, the “broken windows” theory and the strategy on crime prevention through environmental design. It also addresses broader principles of managing urban space to control crime and strategies for evaluating crime control programmes. The Handbook includes references to efforts to control crime in an array of countries, including Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Mexico, South Africa, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America. The overall objective of the Handbook is therefore to outline the new, innovative techniques and to explain how they have been applied to address crime problems in low- and middle-income countries. The various programmes, policies and approaches described here can provide law enforcement policymakers, front-line officers, urban planners and other city authorities as well as civil society organizations with basic information about an array of strategies and good governance practices to control crime in rapidly growing cities in low- and middle-income countries. Details: New York: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2011. 118p. Source: Internet Resource: Criminal Justice Handbook Series: Accessed August 24, 2011 at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/11-80387_ebook.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/crimeprevention/11-80387_ebook.pdf Shelf Number: 122479 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime RatesHomicidesLaw EnforcementPolicingUrban Crime |
Author: International Association of Chiefs of Police Title: Juvenile Justice Training Needs Assessment: A Survey of Law Enforcement Summary: In early 2011, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) conducted the Juvenile Justice Training Needs Assessment Survey of law enforcement around the nation to identify challenges and training needs facing law enforcement in addressing juvenile crime, delinquency and victimization. The survey identifies law enforcement challenges, needs and priorities relating to juvenile justice. There were 672 responses to this national survey from participants representing 404 law enforcement agencies from 49 states and the District of Columbia. Participants represented agencies of varying sizes from rural, suburban, and urban geographic areas. The Juvenile Justice Needs Assessment Survey revealed various challenges that law enforcement face within their departments and the broader criminal justice system that are barriers to effectively addressing juvenile crime, delinquency and victimization. The survey identified the most pressing issues and concerns facing law enforcement agencies relating to juvenile crime, delinquency and victimization as: 1. Substance Abuse 2. Abuse (physical, sexual and/or emotional) 3. Juvenile Repeat Offenders 4. Bullying/Cyberbullying 5. Gangs 6. Internet Crimes involving juveniles/youth (as perpetrator/victim) 7. Runaways 8. School Safety Details: Alexandria, VA: IACP, 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2011 at: http://www.theiacp.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Vy2Y7Xk815U%3d&tabid=87 Year: 0 Country: United States URL: http://www.theiacp.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Vy2Y7Xk815U%3d&tabid=87 Shelf Number: 122490 Keywords: Juvenile Justice (U.S.)Juvenile OffendersLaw EnforcementPolice Training |
Author: Title: Keeping Haiti Safe: Police Reform Summary: Haiti’s porous land and sea borders remain susceptible to drug trafficking, smuggling and other illegal activities that weaken the rule of law and deprive the state of vital revenue. Post-quake insecurity underscores continued vulnerability to violent crime and political instability. Overcrowded urban slums, plagued by deep poverty, limited economic opportunities and the weakness of government institutions, particularly the Haitian National Police (HNP), breed armed groups and remain a source of broader instability. If the Martelly administration is to guarantee citizen safety successfully, it must remove tainted officers and expand the HNP’s institutional and operational capacity across the country by completing a reform that incorporates community policing and violence reduction programs. The recent elections were only a first step toward determining the future of the country’s reconstruction and development. The real work now requires the political leadership – executive and legislative alike – to make meaningful efforts to address fundamental needs. Key to this is identification of common ground with the political opposition, grass roots communities and business elites, in order to reinforce a national consensus for transforming Haiti that prioritises jobs-based decentralisation, equal protection under the law and community security. President Michel Martelly declared Haiti open for business in his 14 May inaugural address, but a functioning, professional HNP is a prerequisite to move the country forward. Police reform has made significant strides but is far from complete after nearly five years. HNP deficiencies, along with the desire of Martelly supporters to restore the army and nationalistic opposition to the continued presence of the UN peacekeepers (MINUSTAH), contribute to proposals for creating a second armed force. Serious questions surround that problematic notion. If it is pursued, there must be wide consultation with civil society, including grassroots and community-based organisations, and particularly with victims of the old army’s abuses. But first it is paramount to continue strengthening the HNP, by: •completing recruitment, including of women, training and full deployment; •building police integrity by expediting the vetting process for all active duty officers and staff, including creating an appeals structure, so as to rid the force of those who do not meet standards because of human rights violations or criminal activity and to certify those who do, and by taking immediate action to suspend and if appropriate prosecute officers found to be involved in any serious crimes; •revising the reform plan to focus on clearly defined areas for improving the quality of security the HNP provides and building community confidence, such as the training and strengthening of specialised units, crime investigation, border patrol and community policing, while UN police (UNPOL) more actively mentor those efforts; •adopting an organic law for the state secretariat for public security that clarifies its role and those of the other executive branch bodies with responsibilities for the HNP; and •linking police reform with the reconstruction efforts currently coordinated by the Interim Haiti Recovery Commission (IHRC), by deploying better trained police to the provinces as economic decentralisation proceeds. Details: Brussels: International Crisis Group, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Latin America/Caribbean Briefing N°26: Accessed September 10, 2011 at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/B26%20Keeping%20Haiti%20Safe%20-%20Police%20Reform.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Haiti URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/haiti/B26%20Keeping%20Haiti%20Safe%20-%20Police%20Reform.pdf Shelf Number: 122681 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice (Haiti)Police ReformPolicingSecurity |
Author: Withers, George Title: Preach What You Practice: The Separation of Military and Police Roles in the Americas Summary: American citizens enjoy a legal concept that many nations do not. Domestically, the United States has a clear separation between the uses of its military and the uses of its law enforcement agencies. U.S. law generally restricts the military from use against its citizens. While this separation does not guide U.S. operations in battleground environments like Iraq and Afghanistan, it remains very strong at home. In Latin America, where democracies have struggled mightily to exert civilian control over their armed forces, the reality is different. Most nations lack a similar principle of clear military-police separation. The region’s circumstances hardly ever require armies to defend citizens from foreign invaders, but leaders often call upon them to defend some citizens – or the state – from other citizens. Today, many governments are calling on militaries to enforce laws and to combat domestic crime. Choices made in Washington can have a strong impact on this. The U.S. government is by far the largest provider of military and police aid to Latin America and the Caribbean. Arms and equipment transfers, training, exercises, presence at bases, and military-to-military engagement programs send strong messages about military and police roles. So do diplomatic interactions with the region. Instead of exporting the principle to which the United States adheres, though, these efforts often do just the opposite: encourage Latin American governments to use their militaries against their own people. This is a longstanding tendency in U.S. policy toward Latin America, though it rarely gets framed in terms of the United States’ much different domestic model. That is what this report will do. The following pages highlight U.S. practices that encourage Latin America’s armed forces to take on internal security roles that the U.S. military cannot legally play at home. They go on to point the way toward policy changes to end these practices. Section I reviews the U.S. experience with Posse Comitatus, an 1878 law that became a cornerstone of U.S. democratic stability by making U.S. citizens’ interactions with on-duty soldiers very rare, and causing the institutional character of the country’s defense and law-enforcement forces to diverge dramatically. Section II looks at Latin America’s far different history of civil-military relations, with a focus on the military’s use against citizens internally, in a climate of few external security threats. Section III lays out the United States’ persistent, century-long tendency to help the region’s militaries take on internal security roles; this tendency, it argues, continues with today’s “wars” on drugs, terrorism, and organized crime. Finally, Section IV offers recommendations for Latin American governments seeking to protect their populations while at the same time consolidating their democracies; for the executive and legislative-branch architects of U.S. policy toward Latin America; and for the United States at home, as it seeks to secure its citizens and borders against 21st century threats. These recommendations can be summarized simply. Militaries should not be used for internal security and law-enforcement roles, and the United States should not encourage such use, either at home or abroad. While exceptions may exist under extraordinary circumstances – and then, only with several safeguards and institutional reforms in place – the Posse Comitatus model works, and should guide future U.S. security interaction with Latin America. Details: Washington, DC: Washington Office on Latin America, 2010. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 26, 2011 at: http://justf.org/files/pubs/1011pwyp.pdf Year: 2010 Country: South America URL: http://justf.org/files/pubs/1011pwyp.pdf Shelf Number: 122902 Keywords: Law EnforcementMilitary OperationsPolicing (Latin America)Security Operations |
Author: Barcenas, Lai-Lynn Angelica B. Title: How Trade Facilitation Measures Impact Current Law and Policy on the Wildlife and Timber Trade: Case Study of the Greater Mekong Subregion Summary: International trade is a strong driver of economic growth, and for developing countries like those in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) there is a strong incentive to maximize its potential. Thus, efforts are being made to facilitate trade within the subregion through improvements in infrastructure, telecommunications and transportation. Among these efforts are trade facilitation measures designed to ease the export and import of goods. However, while these measures will increase the international trade of each GMS state, they may also have adverse effects on the biodiversity of the subregion. Global demand for wildlife and timber is already depleting the rich habitats of the GMS. The increased facility in the movement of goods across international borders that these trade facilitation measures would provide could further exacerbate such depletion. It is thus important for policymakers to carefully assess the emerging trade facilitation mechanisms and processes and determine potential risks and opportunities in curbing the unsustainable harvest of wildlife and timber, and their attendant trade. Details: Winnipeg, Canada: IIPD - International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2010. 5p. Source: Series on Trade and the Environment in ASEAN - Policy Brief 1: Internet Resource: Accessed February 7, 2012 at http://www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/trade_facilitation_wildlife_timber_brief.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/trade_facilitation_wildlife_timber_brief.pdf Shelf Number: 124021 Keywords: Law EnforcementTimberWildlifeWildlife Conservation |
Author: Kessler, Bryce R. Title: Perceptions of Texas Parks & Wildlife Game Wardens about Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Programs Summary: Conserving wildlife and wildlife habitat for future generations has been very important in America. The decline, if not extinction, of native wildlife have become major issues in the conservation field. Youth are vulnerable to following the practices of a society and youth are the future in protecting and conserving natural resources. Illegal hunting and fishing have caused the extinction or demise of many wildlife species. Law enforcement at both federal and state levels has been addressing wildlife crimes for well over a hundred years. Natural resource law enforcement programs are used every day in order to protect this nations’ wildlife for future generations. In Texas, the Texas Parks and Wildlife game wardens have been tasked with protecting Texas’ natural resources. This study was created in order to find out the perceptions of Texas Parks and Wildlife game wardens about effectiveness of law enforcement programs within the department. A survey was sent to game wardens throughout the state of Texas to find out the effectiveness of the following law enforcement programs: fish patrol, game patrol, Operation Game Thief, and educational programs. The effectiveness of the above programs was based on six categories of effectiveness. The six categories of effectiveness used were specific deterrence, general deterrence, detection, cost effectiveness, public support, and Operation Game Thief. Game wardens ranked each program on how well they perceived the program in being effective. An additional survey was added to this research paper as exploratory research in order to explore possible concerns about recruitment and retention within the Texas Parks and Wildlife Division of Law Enforcement. The four law enforcement programs studied received above average support from game wardens throughout the state. Fish and game patrol were considered the most effective in the perception of effectiveness categories. Even though Operation Game Thief and educational programs were considered to be less effective, the programs were still supported by a majority of game wardens. The recruitment and retention survey illustrated that a large number of game wardens were concerned about recruitment and retention within the Texas Parks & Wildlife Law Enforcement Division. Details: San Marcos, Texas: Texas State University-San Marcos, 2005. Source: Applied Research Project, Paper 5, Master's Thesis: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2012 at Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 124175 Keywords: Illegal HuntingLaw EnforcementOffenses Against the EnvironmentWildlife Crime Illegal Fishing |
Author: Scottish Centre for Social Research Title: Summary Justice Reform: Evaluation of Reforms to Fines Enforcement Summary: Reforms to fines enforcement, introduced under Summary Justice Reform (SJR) saw responsibility for the enforcement of criminal financial penalties in Scotland transfer to the Scottish Court Service, the creation of a new post dedicated to the recovery of unpaid fines – the Fines Enforcement Officer (FEO) – and the provision of enforcement powers to the FEO. This evaluation assessed the extent to which they met their policy objectives and contributed to the SJR overarching objective – a summary justice system that is fair, efficient, effective and quick and simple in delivery. Details: Scotland: Scottish Centre for Social Research, 2011. 4p. Source: Research Findings No. 35/2011: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2012 at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/363903/0123572.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/363903/0123572.pdf Shelf Number: 124231 Keywords: Court FinesCriminal Fines (Scotland)Evaluative StudiesLaw Enforcement |
Author: Hallerberg, Mary K. Title: Maritime Piracy: Examining the U.S. Response to a Global Threat Summary: Recent high profile maritime hijackings off the coast of Somalia and in the Gulf of Aden have sharpened U.S. and international focus on the long-standing, but growing problem of maritime piracy. Despite an extensive record of anti-piracy efforts by the U.S. and other nations around the globe, piracy continues to challenge the U.S. and the international community in the 21st Century. This paper will examine the U.S. response to the global threat of piracy. Analysis will include an evaluation of U.S. policies and the effectiveness of implemented strategies to counter the assessed threat posed by maritime piracy, with particular emphasis on the escalating activity off the Horn of Africa. Finally, this study will propose indicators that could necessitate a modification in strategy in order to counter a change in the threat environment. Details: Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College, 2010. 32p. Source: Strategy Research Project: Internet Resource: Accessed March 13, 2012 at http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA522024 Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA522024 Shelf Number: 124528 Keywords: Law EnforcementMaritime Piracy (Somalia)Piracy (Somalia) |
Author: Abbas, Hassan Title: Reforming Pakistan‘s Police and Law Enforcement Infrastructure: Is It Too Flawed to Fix? Summary: An effective police force is critical to countering insurgency. In Pakistan, an understaffed and underequipped police force is increasingly called on to manage rising insecurity and militant violence. This report evaluates the obstacles to upgrading the existing police system and recommends traditional and innovative reform options, including major restructuring of the total civilian law enforcement infrastructure, without which the police force cannot be effectively improved. Because Pakistan’s police capacity has direct implications for the country’s ability to tackle terrorism, the United States and its allies would realize counterterrorism dividends by helping law enforcement efforts through modern training and technical assistance. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2011. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report 266: Accessed June 29, 2012 at: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr266.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr266.pdf Shelf Number: 125428 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice TrainingPolicing (Pakistan) |
Author: Abbas, Hassan, ed. Title: Stabilizing Pakistan Through Police Reform Summary: In the coming years, Pakistan will continue to face a range of challenges stemming from both internal and external factors. In addition to the transnational and regional threats of terrorism, Pakistan is also experiencing domestic security challenges posed by rising religious extremism and militancy, kidnappings, organized crime, insurgencies, and political assassinations. Increasingly fragile internal security and law enforcement systems will likely pose grave difficulties for the country. In light of the trends of increasing insecurity and instability, how the police and other law enforcement bodies are structured and how they coordinate efforts to combat security threats deserve greater attention. Despite frequent internal crises in Pakistan since the country was established in 1947—ranging from ethnic and sectarian conflicts to chronic political instability and underdevelopment—policy makers have neglected to prioritize police reform. High crime rates throughout the country, relatively low conviction rates of prisoners on trial, and heightened concerns about instability spilling over from Afghanistan indicate that there is an urgent and critical need to invest in and reform Pakistan’s law enforcement infrastructure. Against this backdrop, Asia Society convened an Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform composed of leading experts in Pakistan and the United States and under the direction of Dr. Hassan Abbas to think through ways to strengthen security sector reform efforts. The Commission’s culminating report, Stabilizing Pakistan through Police Reform, draws on extensive interviews conducted throughout Pakistan with experienced police officials, security analysts, and legal experts, in addition to essays contributed by experts in the field, to provide a much-needed framework for police and law enforcement reform throughout the country. Each chapter focuses on an area that is in need of reform and presents a set of policy recommendations aimed at developing systematic strategies to counter extremism, terrorism, and crime. Taken together, the findings and recommendations are broadly supported by the Commission. Details: Asia Society, Independent Commission on Pakistan Police Reform, 2012. 153p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 17, 2012 at: http://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/as_pakistan_police_reform.pdf Year: 2012 Country: Pakistan URL: http://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/as_pakistan_police_reform.pdf Shelf Number: 126062 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing (Pakistan) |
Author: Uzzell, Donna Title: AMBER Alert Best Practices Summary: The AMBER (America’s Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response) Alert Program began following the 1996 abduction and murder of 9-year-old Amber Hagerman in Arlington, TX. In response to this tragedy, representatives from law enforcement and the local media joined forces to develop and implement a groundbreaking series of protocols to be followed in the event of a child abduction. The program has since expanded to include 133 state, local, regional, tribal, and territorial plans in the United States and Canada. As of March 2012, AMBER Alerts helped directly in the safe recovery of 572 children in the United States. The AMBER Alert Program is a voluntary partnership involving law enforcement, broadcasters, transportation agencies, and the wireless industry. It is designed to disseminate timely, accurate information about abducted children, the suspected abductor(s), and the vehicle(s) used in the commission of the crime. During an AMBER Alert, an urgent news bulletin is broadcast over the airwaves and via text messages as well as on highway alert signs to enlist the aid of the public in finding an abducted child and stopping the perpetrator. Participants and subject-matter experts attending a federally sponsored national AMBER Alert conference identified emerging practices that have enhanced the ability of law enforcement, other stakeholders, and partners to safely recover missing and abducted children. This report provides a “what works” approach based on what was garnered during the conference as well as the experience and knowledge gained since the inception of the first AMBER Alert plan. It offers the field additional information about effective and promising practices and is designed for interpretation at the state and local levels in a manner that allows teams to consider their resource limitations and diverse demographic and geographic needs. In addition, because the AMBER Alert Program is a collaborative effort involving multiple agencies, the public, and the media, the report provides a general overview of each discipline’s responsibilities along with suggested practices to improve the approach to responding to cases of missing or abducted children. Significant progress has been made since 1996; however, as with any major multiagency initiative, all program partners and stakeholders must remain vigilant and work collaboratively to improve their understanding of the roles and responsibilities of every agency and organization involved in the program. Partners must be openminded when communicating with each other and always strive to meet the ultimate goal—keeping our children safe. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, 2012. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 5, 2012 at http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/232271.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/232271.pdf Shelf Number: 126277 Keywords: AMBER AlertChild AbductionChild ProtectionEvaluative StudiesKidnappingLaw EnforcementMissing Children |
Author: Abbas, Hassan Title: Police & Law Enforcement Reform in Pakistan: Crucial for Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Success Summary: It is a globally recognized fact that a state’s police and law enforcement agencies play a critical role as the first line of defense against the threats of terrorism and insurgencies. An informative RAND study titled How Terrorist Groups End provides evidence that effective police and intelligence work, rather than the use of military force, deliver better counterterrorism results. Based on this conclusion, the report suggested to U.S. policymakers that they stop using the phrase “war on terrorism,” because there is no battlefield solution to defeating terrorists. Another valuable study analyzing the police role in counterinsurgency campaigns in Malaya and Cyprus concluded that nearly all major twentieth-century counterinsurgency campaigns relied heavily on indigenous police as well as military forces. Both studies are very relevant to the terrorism and insurgency crisis faced by Pakistan today. Many security experts rightfully contend that both Pakistan and Afghanistan are facing a growing Taliban insurgency in the Pak-Afghan tribal belt – some even call it a Pashtun insurgency. According to Kelev I. Sepp’s Best Practices in Counterinsurgency, which closely studied seventeen insurgencies, the role of the police is always central to any successful counterinsurgency measures. His recommended measures for insurgency hit areas emphasize “police in the lead” with the military providing backup support and strengthening the police with diversified training capabilities to help meet the security needs of the at-risk population. Since 9/11 and the consequent US/NATO military action in Afghanistan, Pakistan’s troubled northwestern frontier has come under increasing pressure from militant and terrorist organizations operating in the area. Pakistan’s deficient and flawed law enforcement capacity in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the adjacent North West Frontier Province (NWFP) have helped Pakistani Taliban and other terrorist groups expand their influence and strongly challenge the state’s writ. Outgunned and outfinanced, on average 400 police officers have been killed every year in terrorist attacks since 2005. Controversial and haphazard Pakistani military action in the area has led to more instability, and limited resistance in FATA has now become a growing ethnic insurgency. As is clear from the turmoil in the NWFP’s Swat district, any army action can provide no more than a breathing space to the state; only police and law enforcement actions can help the state reestablish its writ and stabilize the area. A timely police action can be more effective in quelling emergent insurgencies. My research into the 2007 Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) crisis in Islamabad, where a strong military operation led to hundreds of deaths and dozens of retaliatory suicide attacks, also indicates that: (a) an effective police action in time (2004-05) could have avoided the later bloody clash and (b) the police lacked authority and the permission of the state and its important institutions to legally pursue the rebel clerics in the mosque (during the 2004-07 timeframe). The police infrastructure is one of Pakistan’s most poorly managed organizations. It is aptly described as ill-equipped, poorly trained, deeply politicized, and chronically corrupt. It has performed well in certain operations; overall, however, that is a rare phenomenon. Arguably, the primary reason for this state of affairs is the government’s persistent failure to invest in law enforcement reform and modernization. It is ironic that despite frequent internal crises since its inception in 1947, ranging from ethnic confrontations and sectarian battles to a sharp rise in criminal activity and growing insurgencies, both political and military policymakers have never given this sector top priority. Hence, poor police performance in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency is not surprising. The fact that the police successfully challenged some militant religious groups in Punjab and tackled an insurgency-like situation in Karachi in the late 1990s shows that they do have the potential to deliver the desired results when political support is present and resources are provided. Clearly, better policing standards and performance will add to the government’s credibility and establish its writ more effectively in areas that are currently slipping out of its hands. Learning lessons from what transpired in the NWFP in recent years especially in order to plan for any preemptive law enforcement actions in South Punjab, where banned local militant groups like Sipah-e-Sahaba and Jaish-e-Mohammad are resurgent, is the need of the hour. This policy paper makes the case for international support for police reform in Pakistan to enhance its law enforcement and counterinsurgency capacities. The Obama administration's proposed $1.5 billion annual aid package for Pakistan for the next five years must also include sufficient resources for this sector. To build schools and hospitals, create jobs and spur economic development, security environment in Pakistan has to improve significantly. Police and civilian law enforcement agencies are the most appropriate institutions to spearhead that effort countrywide. Rule of law besides requiring requiring an effective criminal justice system and independent judiciary also needs a competent law enforcement infrastructure. If U.S. funds will make all that happen, it will correspondingly lead to its better image in Pakistan. Democratic institutions in turn will also benefit as their dependence on military for internal law and order duties will lesson. Details: Clinton, MI: Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2009. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 27, 2012 at: http://www.ispu.org/files/PDFs/ISPU%20-%20Police%20Reforms%20in%20Pakistan%20Report.pdf Year: 2009 Country: Pakistan URL: http://www.ispu.org/files/PDFs/ISPU%20-%20Police%20Reforms%20in%20Pakistan%20Report.pdf Shelf Number: 126468 Keywords: CounterterrorismLaw EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing (Pakistan)Terrorism |
Author: McGee, Sibel Title: Mexico's Cartel Problem: A Systems Thinking Perspective Summary: The unprecedented increase in recent years of cartel-related violence has presented growing challenges both to Mexico’s socio-political stability and to the United States’ (US) National interests. Current efforts to address Mexican cartels treat these organizations as only drug-trafficking networks and focus on law enforcement measures to interdict their operations. In this paper, we approach the cartel problem from a systems thinking perspective and present a holistic assessment of these complex criminal networks operating in multiple domains. By highlighting the dynamic relationships and complex feedbacks between critical variables involved in different domains of cartel operations, we identify the inherently systemic causal factors contributing to the problem situation. We argue that the efforts that rely purely on law enforcement measures will fail to produce lasting change unless they are coupled with high leverage strategies that address the root causes of illicit activities in Mexico. Details: Arlington, VA: Applied Systems Thinking Institute, Analytic Services, Inc., 2011.10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 7, 2012 at http://www.anser.org/docs/asyst-doc/Mexican_Cartels.pdf Year: 2011 Country: Mexico URL: http://www.anser.org/docs/asyst-doc/Mexican_Cartels.pdf Shelf Number: 126577 Keywords: Drug Cartels (Mexico)Drug TraffickingLaw EnforcementViolence |
Author: Braverman, Irus Title: Legal Tails: Policing American Cities through Animals Summary: “I don’t worry about the four-legged animals,” Officer Armatys tells me as I scramble to catch up when he enters a backyard with a fierce-looking dog. “It’s the two-legged animals I am concerned about.” I interviewed Officer Armatys twice, first in his office in the Erie County’s Society for the Protection of Animals (ESPCA) and, a few months later, on a ride-along during a routine workday. Based on these encounters and numerous others with members of the ESPCA and with city administrators of animal control, this essay conveys bits and pieces of the story of how the City of Buffalo polices its nonhuman population. Specifically, I focus on the regulation and enforcement of dog laws in the city, what I refer to as “legal tails.” I argue that although seemingly enacted to control dogs, animal laws and ordinances are very much a way to monitor and control the conduct of humans. In the city, human-animal relations are expressed, regulated, and surveilled more closely than anywhere else. Animal laws instruct us which animals are allowed into the city and under what conditions. More than regulating the everyday of urban life as it pertains to animals, humans, and the interrelations thereof, such laws and their enforcement help define the very essence of the city. Indeed, such regulations and systems of surveillance define not only the limits of human conduct, but also the limits of the city itself. Through its distinct matrix of animal-human relationships, the city is distinguished from its significant other, the country, where a different set of animal-human relations is permitted to take place. Details: Buffalo, NY: SUNY Buffalo Law School, 2012. 23p. Source: Buffalo Legal Studies Research Paper Series Paper No. 2013 - 014: Internet Resource: Accessed December 21, 2012 at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2166578 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2166578 Shelf Number: 127256 Keywords: Animal ControlLaw EnforcementPolice Behavior, Animals |
Author: Planty, Donald J. Title: Police Transition in Afghanistan Summary: The forthcoming withdrawal of the NATO training mission in Afghanistan along with U.S. combat forces in 2014 has highlighted the failure to meet Afghanistan’s need for a national police service capable of enforcing the rule of law, controlling crime, and protecting Afghan citizens, despite a decade of effort. The Afghan National Police appears unlikely to be able to enforce the rule of law following the withdrawal because of its configuration as a militarized counterinsurgency force in the fight against the Taliban. Discussions are under way concerning the future of the ANP, but there is no consensus on the future size and mission of the police and no certainty about future sources of the funding, training, and equipment required. Because only two years remain before the deadline for withdrawal, it is imperative that the United States and the international community urgently address the challenge of transforming the ANP from a counterinsurgency force into a police service capable of enforcing the rule of law. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2013. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 27, 2013 at: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR322.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.usip.org/files/resources/SR322.pdf Shelf Number: 127726 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing (Afghanistan) |
Author: Pink, Grant Title: Law Enforcement Responses to Transnational Environmental Crime: Choices, challenges, and culture Summary: This paper considers the issue of law enforcement responses to transnational environmental crime with a particular focus on the role of environmental regulatory agencies. More specifically, it identifies and analyses the various operational and policy factors which inform and shape responses to transnational environmental crime. The aim of this paper is to furnish environmental regulatory agencies with information, options, and strategies so they can more effectively detect, deter, and disrupt this form of transnational crime. The paper outlines the different roles and functions of police agencies, customs and port authorities, and environmental regulatory agencies in terms of their efforts in the fight against transnational environmental crime. It also compares the use of administrative, civil, and criminal law enforcement responses by these response agencies. Details: Canberra: Transnational Environmental Crime Project, Department of International Relations, School of International, Political & Strategic Studies, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific and Australian National University, 2013. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 4/2013: Accessed July 23, 2013 at: http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/IPS/IR/TEC/TEC%20Working%20Paper%204_2013_1_Grant_Pink_Law_Enforcement_Responses.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/IPS/IR/TEC/TEC%20Working%20Paper%204_2013_1_Grant_Pink_Law_Enforcement_Responses.pdf Shelf Number: 129496 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentLaw EnforcementNatural ResourcesOffenses Against the EnvironmentWildlife ConservationWildlife Crimes |
Author: Donadio, Marcela Title: Public Security INDEX. Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama Summary: Security is far from a theoretical discussion. It is a vital necessity, a primary feeling that contextualizes our decisions, hopes, challenges, possibilities and difficulties. It is not a question for disputes between political factions, or a favor bestowed by political representatives, it is a policy that the State designs and sustains in order to legitimize its own existence as the guarantor of the social contract that unites citizens below a single political form. Security permits the exercise of the right to live in peace, to create and make use of opportunities to develop one's life and those of loved ones. An environment of insecurity removes that right and interrupts essential development. Various discussions of security and insecurity in a large number of countries in the Latin American region are explained by the weakness of understandings regarding the State and the rights of citizens. The State is the political representation, not the owner of aspirations, feelings, and projects; political representatives do not own the State, but instead occupy it transitionally. The energized debates and responses, and citizen demands (or their negation, as is observed in the common misrepresentations of public opinion as "perceptions that don't consider the facts") display a confused understanding of the role of representation. A change in the way in which representatives see themselves and in how citizens see them or the power that they actually have would bolster the democratic regime. In the formation of a secure living environment, and wherever a State exists, institutions play a key role. It is in them that the State lives, and through them that policies and legal frameworks are developed and laws that affect all of us applied. The strengths and weaknesses of these institutions have a wide-ranging effect on the development of a secure environment. It is this very security environment that occupies the worries and hopes of the inhabitants of a great part of Latin America, especially in the last decade with the rising rates of criminality. It is a central theme on the agenda, related with the alternatives to the construction of democratic regimes and institutions. The Public Security Index directly addresses this institutional problematic and the foundation of State capacities to provide security in the region. It advances from the premise that institutions should be incorporated into security-development analysis. A pending issue was the field of policy formulation, of capacities to manage the security sector, of the indicators of how to construct a State apparatus that, in collaboration with civil society, faces up to security problems. It is a program born from RESDAL's commitment to work towards the construction of democratic institutions, combining the capacities of those that work within the State, with those from academia and civil society, and also from the objective of providing useful tools for discussions, analysis and decision-making. This publication is dedicated to six Central American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. Each one has its own particular reality and wealth, and should avoid the temptation to embrace realities that are different, and it is for this motive that each is treated separately. For a better understanding and analysis, the coverage of the cases also presents transversal axis that contribute to the security environment, such as economic resources, the institutional problematic, cross-border people flows, the collaboration of the armed forces with the police, and the role of private security. Details: Buenos Aires, Argentina: RESDAL, 2013. 152p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 10, 2014 at: http://www.resdal.org/ing/libro-seg-2013/index-public-security-2013.html Year: 2013 Country: Central America URL: http://www.resdal.org/ing/libro-seg-2013/index-public-security-2013.html Shelf Number: 132322 Keywords: Crime PreventionCrime StatisticsLaw EnforcementPolicingSecurity |
Author: Carter, David Title: Understanding Law Enforcement Intelligence Processes Summary: The September 11th attacks impacted society generally, and law enforcement specifically, in dramatic ways. One of the major trends has been changing expectations regarding criminal intelligence practices among state, local, and tribal (SLT) law enforcement agencies, and the need to coordinate intelligence efforts and share information at all levels of government. Despite clear evidence of significant changes, very little research exists that examines issues related to the intelligence practices of SLT law enforcement agencies. Important questions on the nature of the issues that impact SLT intelligence practices remain. While there is some uncertainty among SLT law enforcement about current terrorism threats, there is certainty that these threats evolve in a largely unpredictable pattern. As a result there is an ongoing need for consistent and effective information collection, analysis and sharing. Little information is known about perceptions of how information is being shared between agencies and whether technologies have improved or hurt information sharing, and little is known about whether agencies think they are currently prepared for a terrorist attack, and the key factors distinguishing those that think they are compared to those who do not. This study was designed to address these issues, and a better understanding of these issues could significantly enhance intelligence practices and enhance public safety. To develop a better understanding of perceptions about terrorist threats that SLT agencies face and their efforts to prevent terrorism, the research team distributed questionnaires via a web-designed survey to two separate groups of law enforcement personnel. Development of the survey involved several preliminary drafts. Feedback was sought from SLT intelligence workers about question content and coverage, and specifically whether questions were ambiguous or difficult to answer. After making revisions, the final Institutional Review Board approved instrument had 48 structured, semi-structured, or open-ended questions. The survey, despite its length, enabled respondents to share information about issues such as perceptions of terrorist threats, inter-agency interactions, information sharing, intelligence training, and agency preparedness. Additional questions asked about characteristics of the respondent and the respondent's agency. There are three findings that are quite interesting. First, law enforcement perceptions about what is a serious threat in their community has changed significantly over time. Law enforcement is much more concerned about sovereign citizens, Islamic extremists, and militia/patriot group members compared to the fringe groups of the far right, including Christian Identity believers, reconstructed traditionalists (i.e., Odinists), idiosyncratic sectarians (i.e., survivalists), and members of doomsday cults. In fact, sovereign citizens were the top concern of law enforcement, but the concern about whether most groups were a serious terrorist threat actually declined for most groups (e.g., the KKK; Christian Identity; Neo-Nazis; Racist Skinheads; Extremist Environmentalists; Extreme Animal Rights Extremists). Second, when examining whether the respondents thought that various agencies and sources were useful in their counterterrorism efforts, the agencies that appear to be most useful to SLT law enforcement include state/local fusion centers, the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force(s), the FBI, and DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis. Overall, the internet and the use of open source materials, human intelligence sources, and the media were perceived as providing the most useful information. Security clearances, adequate personnel, adequate training, adequate resources, adequate time, or the organizational culture were all perceived as barriers for the sharing of intelligence and information across agencies. Third, several factors impacted whether an agency was prepared for a terrorist attack. Agencies with satisfied working relationships with state organizations were twice as likely to be prepared, agencies that produce threat assessments and risk assessments more frequently are three-and-a-half times more likely to be prepared than agencies who create them less frequently, and the creation of vulnerability assessments also appears to be a predictor of preparedness as they more than quadruple an agency's preparedness likelihood. In addition, as agencies experience problems related to personnel, training, and resources, the likelihood they will consider themselves prepared is reduced by approximately three-fold. Agencies that felt they were not prepared highlighted problems with resources, training, and quality of working relationships with other organizations. Particularly for practitioners, the most important aspect of this research may not be the findings on the variable analyses, per se, but on the benchmarks identified in trends found in the data. Some clear trends emerged which indicate programmatic successes for information sharing and intelligence, as well as areas where problems remain. When considering these findings in the context of research on organizational development, it is clear that organizational leadership is an important factor for organizational successes in information sharing as well as for preparedness. If the leadership of a law enforcement agency is willing to expend the effort to train personnel, develop partnerships, and participate in state, regional and national information sharing initiatives, then greater levels of success will be achieved. While one would intuitively assume this, the data empirically supports it. Details: College Park, MD: START, 2014. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 9, 2014 at: http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_UnderstandingLawEnforcementIntelligenceProcesses_July2014.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://www.start.umd.edu/pubs/START_UnderstandingLawEnforcementIntelligenceProcesses_July2014.pdf Shelf Number: 133952 Keywords: Criminal Intelligence (U.S.)Extremist GroupsIntelligence GatheringIntelligence-Led PolicingLaw EnforcementTerrorism |
Author: Ringo, Brett M. Title: Domestic Terrorism: Fighting the Local Threat with Local Enforcement Summary: Since 9/11, the NYPD has taken on what might be called a personal vendetta to never allow another terrorist attack to strike the citizens of New York City. It has developed a unique and controversial model that critics say consistently pushes the boundaries of the law and civil rights in an attempt to spy on and monitor the behavior of the residents of New York City in order to prevent another devastating attack. New York City is not the only place affected by the threat of domestic terrorism. Other municipalities have realized this threat and have attempted to establish methods to prevent the occurrence of a similar scenario in their locales. Many municipalities have attempted to develop their own version of a counterterrorism defense using their own ideas and following those from the NYPD. However, the NYPD model has been criticized for encouraging racial profiling and violating citizens civil liberties through their collection methods. This thesis will suggest how other municipalities can utilize positive aspects of the NYPD model to deter and foil any future attempts to cause our nation harm. Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed November 3, 2014 at: https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/32889 Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/32889 Shelf Number: 133946 Keywords: Counterterrorism (U.S.) Domestic Terrorism (U.S.) Law EnforcementNew York City Police Department |
Author: Matthies, Carl F. Title: Evidence-Based Approaches to Law Enforcement Recruitment and Hiring Summary: Recruiting diverse, qualified candidates is a continual challenge for law enforcement. With the downturn in the economy came a flood of applicants, but also, eventually, slashed funding for recruitment and hiring. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has felt the recession keenly: Its advertising budget was cut by 60 percent in fiscal year 2009, and, in 2011, the Los Angeles City Council approved a three-month hiring freeze. The LAPD, and law enforcement in general, can clearly benefit from evidence-based approaches to evaluating recruitment programs and streamlining the application process. Using LAPD and city administrative data from fiscal years 2007 and 2008, the author estimates impacts - in terms of applicant numbers - for LAPD's recruitment efforts and proposes a revised model for prioritizing applicants. While the results of these analyses may be of particular interest to LAPD, the methods employed, as well as those recommended for future studies, are applicable to any law enforcement agency interested in attracting and identifying high-quality applicants more efficiently. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2011. 161p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed February 23, 2015 at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD281.html Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD281.html Shelf Number: 134666 Keywords: Evidence-Based PracticesLaw EnforcementPolice Recruitment and SelectionPolicing (U.S.) |
Author: Council of Canadian Academies Title: Policing Canada in the 21st Century: new policing for new challenges Summary: Police in Canada are facing unprecedented internal and external challenges, many of which are rooted in the changing context in which police now operate. At the same time, significant new opportunities are emerging that can help police services to better adjust and ultimately prosper in the evolving safety and security landscape. To better understand how policing may be carried out more efficiently and effectively in the future, the Government of Canada, through Public Safety Canada (the Sponsor), with support from Justice Canada and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, asked the Council of Canadian Academies (the Council) to undertake an expert panel assessment that brings together the available evidence from Canada and around the world. Specifically, the Sponsor posed the following question: Given the evolution of crime, the justice system, and society, what do current evidence and knowledge suggest about the future of the public policing models used in Canada? Additional direction was provided through three sub-questions: - What existing and emerging issues are identified as key, cross-jurisdictional challenges for Canada's policing models, e.g., service delivery models, public confidence, performance measures? - What are some of the best practices and changes in the policing models of other countries towards greater effectiveness and efficiency, and towards fostering public confidence in policing? What are the relevance and applicability of such ideas in Canada? - What research/knowledge gaps exist respecting these identified challenges? What communities of expertise and other resources might best be utilized towards ongoing policing-related research? To address the charge, the Council assembled a multidisciplinary panel of 12 experts (the Panel) from Canada and abroad. The Panel's composition reflects a balance of expertise, experience, and demonstrated leadership in a number of areas relevant to the charge, including the areas of police reform, police administration and governance, criminology, and law. Each member served on the Panel as an informed individual, rather than as a representative of a discipline, patron, organization, region, or particular set of values. In preparing its report, the Panel drew from a detailed review of peer-reviewed literature, official reports, and statistics from Canada and other countries, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom, each of which has important similarities to Canada that make comparisons informative. Although the Panel recognized the limits of these lessons when applied to Canada, it relied significantly on international policing research, due to the limited availability of Canadian research. Details: Ottawa (ON): The Expert Panel on the Future of Canadian Policing Models, Council of Canadian Academies, 2014. 212p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 23, 2015 at: http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/eng/assessments%20and%20publications%20and%20news%20releases/policing/policing_fullreporten.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Canada URL: http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/eng/assessments%20and%20publications%20and%20news%20releases/policing/policing_fullreporten.pdf Shelf Number: 135367 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice AdministrationPolice ReformPolicing (Canada) |
Author: Kantorowicz, Elena Title: Any-Where Any-Time: Ambiguity and the Perceived Probability of Apprehension Summary: Enforcement is a costly endeavour. Thus, governments ought to be innovative in designing less costly policies, yet, effective in preventing crime. To this end, this paper suggests using insights from behavioural law and economics. Empirical evidence demonstrates that police have an important effect in deterring crime. However, increasing the number of policemen is a costly policy. Therefore, this paper explores policy changes which exploit offender's ambiguity aversion in order to reduce crime without increasing the police force. Namely, empirical evidence suggests that criminals are better deterred by ambiguous detection. Thus, this paper analyses the ways to randomize the apprehension strategies to meet this end. Furthermore, it provides new evidence, based on a survey, that potential violators are largely not aware of policy changes. Inasmuch as the information regarding the intensified uncertainty is essential to its success, this paper discusses the possibility to increase criminals' awareness through the 'availability heuristic'. Details: Rotterdam: Erasmus University, Rotterdam Institute of Law and Economics, 2014. 33p. Source: Internet Resource: Rotterdam Institute of Law and Economics (RILE) Working Paper Series, No. 2014/11: Accessed April 23, 2015 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2202329 Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2202329 Shelf Number: 135371 Keywords: Costs of Criminal JusticeCrime PreventionCriminal ApprehensionCriminal DeterrenceLaw Enforcement |
Author: Hughes, Michelle Title: The Afghan National Police in 2015 and Beyond Summary: Summary - The Afghan National Police (ANP) has made remarkable progress, but the challenges are urgent, and critical capabilities remain underdeveloped. Within the framework of the minister of interior's own Strategic Vision, opportunities will arise to close some of the capacity gaps in the coming years. - Helping the ANP shift from a wartime footing to a contextually appropriate community policing model, and advancing professionalism within the ministry and the operating forces, is critical to sustainability. If a national police force is going to succeed, the linkage between policing and governance must be recognized and strengthened. - Managing the expanding array of ANP donors and their activities poses a unique challenge that has yet to be addressed. It is an executive challenge for the Ministry of Interior and a coordination challenge for the international community. For both, it will require a long-term approach. - To facilitate effective evidence-based operations (EvBO) and strengthen the relationship between the ANP and the communities it serves, U.S.-funded activities that build capacity for justice and governance need to be more closely aligned with ANP development. Details: Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2014. 15p. Source: Internet Resource: Special Report 346: Accessed May 4, 2015 at: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR346_The_Afghan_National_Police_in_2015_and_Beyond.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Afghanistan URL: http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SR346_The_Afghan_National_Police_in_2015_and_Beyond.pdf Shelf Number: 135498 Keywords: Community PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice (Afghanistan) |
Author: Haugaard, Lisa Title: Honduras: A Government Failing to Protect its People Summary: With a population of just over 8 million people, Honduras is home to some of the highest poverty rates in Latin America and most violent cities on earth. The deep roots of organized crime, government corruption and abuses by state forces, and impunity for criminals reverberate throughout the small Central American nation, where 97% of murders go unsolved. These factors have forced many Hondurans to flee towards the United States in hopes of finding an income, security and hope for the future. In response, the Obama Administration has proposed a $1 billion aid package to Central America, which Vice President Biden emphasized in his Central America visit last week. Last December, the Latin America Working Group Education Fund (LAWGEF) and Center for International Policy (CIP) traveled to Honduras for a first-hand look. What we found was a security situation in shambles and a country in dire need of reform. We have compiled our findings into this report which paints a picture of the most alarming issues facing Honduras today, including mass migration, the disturbing and highly visible militarization of law enforcement, grave threats against human rights defenders, and a lack of an effective and independent justice system. The report also examines the role U.S. assistance has played, and can play, in the plight of the Honduran people. In addition to describing the depth of the problem, the report points to the elements of a solution, including the development of a more effective, independent judiciary, and a thoroughly reformed civilian police force. The ultimate solution must include tackling the underlying issues of poverty and lack of education that help create an environment in which crime and violence flourish. But this requires what we did not see in Honduras - a government deeply committed to respect for human rights, with a vision of more broadly shared prosperity and a will to protect all Honduran citizens. The report concludes that carefully crafted international aid programs can help address these problems, but that, "political will from the Honduran government to protect and respect its citizenry must come first." Details: Washington, DC: Center for International Policy, 2015. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 13, 2015 at: http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/Honduras-failing-to-protect-its-people.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Honduras URL: http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/Honduras-failing-to-protect-its-people.pdf Shelf Number: 135627 Keywords: Crime (Honduras)Law EnforcementMilitarizationSocioeconomic Conditions and CrimeViolenceViolent Crime |
Author: European Commission. Directorate General Justice, Freedom and Security Title: Study on "Best Practices in Vertical Relations between the Financial Intelligence Unit and (1) Law Enforcement Services and (2) Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Reporting Entities with a View to Indicating Effective Models for Feedback on Fol" Summary: The objective of the study was to make an inventory on the provision of feedback between the Reporting Entities (REs), the Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) and Law enforcement Authorities (LEAs). 25 Member States were visited and a large number of interviews were held. Feedback should be provided and received in the following ways: (1) Feedback should be received by the REs in reaction to the financial reports (STRs) the REs are legally obligated to send to the FIUs of the different Member States. (2) Feedback should be provided by LEAs to the FIUs in reaction on the dissemination by the FIU of financial information on the basis of the STRs received from the REs. The interviews of personnel from the REs, FIUs and LEAs indicated a level of feedback (FIU->RE) as generally recommended in the Best practice Guidelines on Providing Feedback, published in 1998 by the FATF. There are some new developments like indications on quality of STRs being fed back to the REs. The main forms of feedback between those entities (FIU->RE) are however still based on the recommendations of the FATF. Feedback in the 25 Member States consists mainly of general feedback (the organisation of AML-meetings, workshops, statistics, typologies, trends, sanitised cases etc.) and specific feedback (individual or case to case) on the outcome of specific STRs reported by the REs. This last form of feedback seems to be provided in an informal way in most Member States. Some forms of formal obligations to provide specific feedback between FIUs and LEAs and from the FIUs to REs were found in some Member States. It was also found that even if there was a formal obligation for LEAs and the FIU to provide feedback to each other and the REs, this not always meant that feedback was supplied to the REs. The general impression of the AML activities in relation to feedback within the Member States visited by the Team is that most Member States still rely on the "old" recommendations of the FATF (1998) on feedback. New ways to provide feedback are hardly developed. Good communication and information exchange with the REs is not sufficiently implemented in a lot of Member States. Contacts between reporting Entities and the FIU as well as Law enforcement authorities seem to have decreased in some Member States. "The number of meeting, conferences and training sessions have become less and less, AML information is not sent as frequently as in the past, the relation between FIUs, Reporting Entities and Law enforcement, in relation to the money laundering approach has cooled down". General Remarks like this by a number of REs seem to suggest a declining interest in AML activities. A possible explanation for this may be the lack of communication and cooperation within the AML chain (REs, FIUs and LEAs), continuous organisational changes that some institutions are facing, complicated AML legislation and lack of sufficient results in the form of ML convictions. Audits performed in some Member States on the effectiveness of AML Institutions showed few achievements in the fight against ML, and as a consequence, usually a reorganisation of the AML institutions was undertaken in some countries. Some examples of these changes are The Netherlands (2006 MOT to the FIU the Netherlands), The United Kingdom (2006 NCIS to SOCA) and presently Italy (2008). Other Member States have relocated their FIU organisation or created new functions like a police liaisons within their units, e.g. Bulgaria, Lithuania, Hungary and Estonia. In addition, FIUs and REs expressed their concern about the increasing number of tasks that have been assigned to them in relation to the traditional AML activities and or new specific tasks regarding the financing of terrorism. This report certainly does not pretend to be of a scientific nature but merely an introduction to the problem of feedback. One thing is certain, there is a lot of improvement to be made in the communication and cooperation between the different AML institutions. Details: Brussels: European Commission, 2008. 101p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 8, 2015 at: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/doc_centre/crime/docs/study_fiu_and_terrorism_financing_en.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/doc_centre/crime/docs/study_fiu_and_terrorism_financing_en.pdf Shelf Number: 136357 Keywords: Criminal InvestigationFinancial CrimesInformation SharingLaw EnforcementMoney LaunderingsOrganized CrimeTerrorist Financing |
Author: Qosaj-Mustafa, Ariana Title: Investigation of Corruption in Kosovo: (Mis) Coooperation Between Police and Prosecution Summary: Kosovo institutions have been addressing as a matter of priority the EU requirements for the Visa Liberalization Roadmap for Kosovo and the Feasibility Study for Kosovo. The EU has requested from Kosovo government to address around 150 criteria in order for Kosovo to advance in its EU free travel and integration processes. Therefore, Kosovo government has been trying to provide evidence of results in its fight against corruption, including developing a tracking mechanism to prove the successful rate of prosecutions and convictions of corruption. Tackling corruption particularly at the level of high profile officials, including requirements such as better coordination among the rule of law enforcement bodies and impartial investigations of corruption by also ensuring reliable corruption statistics are a necessary requirements for Kosovo to advance in its EU path. The Kosovo institutions have been efficient in proposing new legislation, drafting of new policies and strategies however, have proven weak in efficient and impartial delivery of such requirements. This brief analyses the cooperation in between Kosovo Police and prosecution and its recent initiatives by looking at whether this cooperation and initiatives have been in line with the set requirements. Since the declaration of independence of Kosovo, the public satisfaction with the work of the Kosovo Police and the State Prosecution has been declining. Whereas the Kosovo Police continuously enjoys the highest public trust over the last 6 years (80% September 2008 to 75.1% April 2013) the state Prosecution enjoys the lowest (22.7% in May 2008 to 17.7% April 2013). Such a discrepancy in public trust is also reflected in attempts for efficient inter-institutional cooperation, especially in the area of fighting corruption. Legal framework for cooperation between Kosovo Police and Prosecution in investigating corruption is largely in place and it is in detail specified by Kosovos Criminal Procedure Code and Kosovo Law on Police. Nevertheless, problems occur when it comes to practical cooperation that is impeded by the lack of proper database and cases file management. There has been progress in filing cases against corruption, though the local prosecutors mainly dealt with low profile cases. In addition, initiating investigations as foreseen by law has been minimal by local prosecutors (0.52%), while Kosovo Police has initiated almost 77% of cases. Until now, high profile and risky cases have been investigated and prosecuted by EULEX. The inability of local prosecutors to deal with high profile cases remain as serious concern for strengthening performance of rule of law institutions. Investigations of corruption of high profile cases by local prosecutors and Kosovo Police are a hostage of political interference and lack of independence of these institutions, which as a fact is widely acknowledged by domestic officials, diplomatic presence in Kosovo and European Union (EU) Commission annual Reports. The lack efficiency and independence of rule of law institutions to deal with corruption makes the extension of EULEX mandate both necessary and inevitable. Details: Prishtina, Kosovo: Kosovar Institute for Policy Research and Development, 2014. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Policy Brief, No. 1/14: Accessed August 28, 2015 at: http://www.kipred.org/repository/docs/Investigation_of_Corruption_Kosovo_(Mis)_Cooperation_Between_Police_and__Prosecution_624080.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://www.kipred.org/repository/docs/Investigation_of_Corruption_Kosovo_(Mis)_Cooperation_Between_Police_and__Prosecution_624080.pdf Shelf Number: 136607 Keywords: Corruption Law EnforcementOrganized Crime Prosecutors |
Author: European Parliament. Directorate-General for Internal Policies. Policy Department C: Citizzen's Rights and Constitutional Affairs Title: The Law Enforcement Challenges of Cybercrime: Are We Really Playing Catch-Up Summary: Cybercrime has become one of the key priorities for EU law enforcement agencies, as demonstrated by the establishment of the European Cybercrime Centre (EC3) in January 2013 and the development of specific European threat assessment reports in this field. High-profile criminal investigations such as the 'Silk Road' case, major data breaches or particularly nefarious hacks or malware attacks have been very much in the spotlight and widely reported in the media, prompting discussions and debates among policymakers and in law enforcement circles. Over the last few months, the cybercrime debate has specifically evolved around the issue of encryption and anonymisation. In this context, this Study argues that debates on the law enforcement challenge of cybercrime in the EU should steer clear both of doomsday scenarios that overstate the problem and scepticism that understates it, and that the key cybercrime concern for law enforcement is legal in nature rather than simply technical and technological. Indeed, the Study finds that the key challenge for law enforcement is the lack of an effective legal framework for operational activities that guarantees the fundamental rights principles enshrined in EU primary and secondary law. In order to address this core argument, this Study starts by analysing claims and controversies over the Internet 'going dark' on law enforcement (Section 2). It shows that these claims have been made for quite some time and should be considered as moral panics rather than accurate reflections of the challenges posed by cybercrime to law enforcement. Moreover, current controversies rehash older ones, conflating law enforcement concerns with intelligence-gathering and surveillance concerns. Without denying the fact that criminal activities do take place online, pose technical difficulties to law enforcement services and require the availability of specific capabilities, this section demonstrates that these difficulties do not impede criminal investigation to such an extent that exceptional means should be envisaged. While these technical aspects need to be considered, they raise issues related to policy and law rather than technology as such. The policy and law-related challenges are made greater by the fact that defining cybercrime is not an easy task. Very broad definitions have been adopted at the EU level, often leading to overlapping and sometimes conflicting mandates. Section 3 thus analyses the institutional architecture of EU cybercrime policy. It shows that the complexity of cybercrime measures and the expansive mandates and number of actors involved in their implementation make it difficult to ascertain and circumscribe the full scope of EU cybercrime policy. Whereas the Council of Europe (CoE) sought to codify cybercrime powers into an international convention, much of the EU's policy to fight cybercrime is based on non-legislative measures, including operational cooperation and ad hoc public-private partnerships. Furthermore, important distinctions and restrictions designed to ensure a 'separation of powers' between state agencies concerned with law enforcement (cyber-policing), civil protection (cybersecurity), national security (cyberespionage) and military force (offensive cyber capabilities) are harder to distinguish in the area of cybercrime, at both national and EU level. Section 3 underlines that, within this complex architecture, and with the blurring of the boundaries between those responsible for policing the Internet, for gathering intelligence from it, for conducting cyber-espionage against foreign targets, and for ensuring the safety of critical internet infrastructure, the European Parliament and civil society are largely excluded from policy development, impeding public scrutiny and accountability. This compounds the EP's existing problems in ensuring that fundamental rights and data protection are diligently protected in the area of justice and home affairs. In light of these gaps in oversight and accountability, Section 4 analyses in particular the challenge of jurisdiction, cooperation and fundamental rights safeguards. This section argues that operational challenges in cybercrime law enforcement do not change the obligation of EU institutions and Member States to ensure the safeguarding of EU fundamental rights in any operating framework of internal or transnational cooperation in law enforcement and criminal justice. Cybercrime law enforcement frequently cites the challenge of accessing and transferring data through existing Mutual Legal Assistance agreements. Yet practices taken outside of established legal channels cannot guarantee rights protections and run the risk of raising mistrust in the general public, the private sector and in transatlantic relations. Furthermore, across the spectrum of cybercrime prevention, investigation, and prosecution, the particular geography of the digital environment is said to complicate the traditional territorial foundations of law. Law enforcement bodies make continuous reference to the ways in which traditional legal structures stand in the way of operations. However, an updated legal framework designed to overcome these challenges should foreground fundamental rights concerns, which are essential to ensure due process and a necessary condition for the successful prosecution of cybercriminal offences. In light of these findings, the Study concludes with key recommendations for the European Parliament. In particular, to ensure that the Parliament is not marginalised altogether with respect to the implementation and review of EU cybercrime policies by the exercise of delegated powers, EU agency discretion and non-legislative decision-making bodies, further monitoring of EU council structures, Europol and international cooperation agreements is required (Recommendation 1). Moreover, the EP should ensure that the development of any cooperation/information-sharing framework guarantees the respect of fundamental rights (Recommendation 2). In light of the current discussions on a revised CoE Cybercrime Convention, the European Parliament should, further, ensure that the Convention's obligations are consistent with EU law and fundamental rights protections (Recommendation 3). The EP must also ensure that cybercrime is not used as a justification to undermine new information security protocols and the right to privacy in telecommunications, both of which are fundamental components of the functioning of the Internet (Recommendation 4). Finally, if European law enforcement agencies need to keep pace with technological change, it is imperative that training courses on cybercrime forensics and digital evidence include an applied fundamental rights component (Recommendation 5). Details: Brussels: European Parliament, 2015. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 17, 2015 at: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/536471/IPOL_STU(2015)536471_EN.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Europe URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/536471/IPOL_STU(2015)536471_EN.pdf Shelf Number: 137311 Keywords: CybercrimesCybersecurityInternet CrimesLaw EnforcementPolice Investigations |
Author: Georgetown University, Justice Policy Institute Title: Report: Lone Wolf Terrorism Summary: The United States (US) is the primary target among western states for lone wolf terrorist (LWT) attacks, and the frequency of attacks continues to increase. Even though LWT attacks remain less common and precipitate fewer casualties than terrorist attacks conducted by organizations, the US must continue to focus counterterrorism resources and encourage further research to combat this threat to national security. In this assessment, the Georgetown National Security Critical Issue Task Force (NSCITF) hopes to inform key stakeholders about the most critical lone wolf terrorism issues and spark new policy discussions on how to address the problem. The NSCITF articulates eight findings that inform the collective understanding of lone wolf terrorism and offers three actionable recommendations to address those findings. First, the NSCITF finds that no single USG definition on lone wolf terrorism exists. Second, the NSCITF identifies the following four current trends in domestic LWT attacks, each of which highlight multiple issues that US policymakers must consider when drafting counterterrorism policies directed at LWTs: 1) Increased targeting of law enforcement (LE) and military personnel; 2) Overwhelming use firearms to conduct attacks, compared to LWTs in other western countries who rely on hijackings or bombs; 3) Increased radicalization via the Internet, extremist media, and the civilian workplace; and, 4) Proclamation of an individual ideology instead of claiming affinity to specific, organized extremist groups. Third, despite the presence of overarching trends among domestic LWTs, the NSCITF determines that profiling fails to target potential LWTs effectively. Consequently, in the fourth finding, the NSCITF provides a framework to understand how an individual becomes a LWT and to identify possible intervention points. Fifth, the NSCITF develops a typology that organizes lone wolves in terms of their ideological autonomy and social competence to explicate why lone wolves operate alone, a key gap in the extant literature on terrorism. The final three findings address US federal and local law enforcement policies to prevent LWT attacks. In the sixth finding, the NSCITF identifies the challenges of using traditional law enforcement tactics to identify and stop LWTs. Specifically, the NSCITF highlights how the expansion of the Internet and social media offers individuals an ability to become radicalized without physically interacting with others and research various attack methodologies undetected. The seventh finding demonstrates that aggressive law enforcement tactics - namely, surveillance and monitoring of targeted individuals - risk community mistrust because of perceived infringements on civil liberties and privacy rights. In the final finding, the NSCITF notes that the US lacks a comprehensive, "whole of government" approach that coherently and systematically organizes the federal, local, and state efforts to combat lone wolf terrorism. Based on the above findings, the NSCITF offers three recommendations. First, the USG should adopt a standard definition of lone wolf terrorism. Second, the USG should appoint clear leadership over the problem of lone wolf terrorism to streamline future policy responses and improve governmental coordination at the federal, state, and local levels. Finally, the USG should emphasize the prevention and short-circuiting of the radicalization process. Each recommendation will help the USG streamline future policy responses and improve governmental coordination at the federal, state, and local levels to prevent future LWT attacks. Details: Washington, DC: Georgetown University, 2015. 58p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 18, 2016 at: http://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/NCITF-Final-Paper.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://georgetownsecuritystudiesreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/NCITF-Final-Paper.pdf Shelf Number: 137881 Keywords: Counter-TerrorismDomestic TerrorismExtremist GroupsHomeland SecurityLaw EnforcementLone Wolf TerrorismRadicalizationTerrorism |
Author: Vagle, Jeffrey L. Title: Tightening the OODA Loop: Police Militarization, Race, and Algorithmic Surveillance Summary: This Article examines the role military automated surveillance and intelligence systems and techniques have supported a self-reinforcing racial bias when used by civilian police departments to enhance predictive policing programs. I will focus on two facets of this problem. First, my research will take an inside-out perspective, studying the role played by advanced military technologies and methods within civilian police departments, and how they have enabled a new focus on deterrence and crime prevention by creating a system of structural surveillance where decision support relies increasingly upon algorithms and automated data analysis tools, and which automates de facto penalization and containment based on race. Second, I will explore these systems - and their effects - from an outside-in perspective, paying particular attention to racial, societal, economic, and geographic factors that play into the public perception of these policing regimes. I will conclude by proposing potential solutions to this problem, which incorporate tests for racial bias to create an alternative system that follows a true community policing model. Details: Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2016. 54p. Source: Internet Resource: U of Penn Law School, Public Law Research Paper No. 16-9 : Accessed March 14, 2016 at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2737451 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2737451 Shelf Number: 138214 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryCommunity PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice MilitarizationPredictive PolicingRacial BiasRacial Profiling in Law Enforcement |
Author: McCullough, Debra R. Cohen Title: American Policing in 2022: Essays on the Future of a Profession Summary: American Policing in 2022 - Essays on the Future of a Profession is a collection of essays by law enforcement leaders across the country on their perspectives on what policing might/could/should look like 10 years from now. Included are contributions from several current and former CEOs from CALEA Accredited law enforcement agencies. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 132p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 15, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p235-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139638 Keywords: Community PolicingLaw EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: B'Tselem Title: The Occupation's Fig Leaf: Israel's Military Law Enforcement System as a Whitewash Mechanism Summary: The military law enforcement system is supposed to handle complaints filed against soldiers for harm caused to Palestinians in the West Bank, including cases of violence and gunfire that resulted in injury or death. Such harm is endemic to the occupation, which has been in place for nearly fifty years. The role of the military law enforcement system has been narrowly defined to begin with: it investigates only specific incidents in which soldiers are suspected to have acted in breach of the orders or directives they were given. The system does not investigate the orders themselves nor the responsibility of those who issue them or determine the policy. As such, the system is oriented toward low ranking soldiers only, while senior military and government officials, including the Military Advocate General (MAG), are absolved in advance of any responsibility. In this state of affairs, even if the system had fulfilled its tasks, its contribution to law enforcement would still remain limited. However, an examination of the operation of the military law enforcement system indicates that it makes no attempt to fulfill even this limited mandate. Ever since B'Tselem was established more than 25 years ago, it has applied to the MAG Corps regarding hundreds of incidents in which Palestinians were harmed by soldiers, demanding the incidents be investigated. Some of B'Tselem's applications led to the launching of criminal investigations. In many cases, B'Tselem assisted investigators in making arrangements for them to collect statements from Palestinian victims and eyewitnesses, and by obtaining medical records and other relevant documents. Once the investigations were concluded, B'Tselem followed up with the MAG Corps to get information as to the case outcome. In some cases, B'Tselem appealed the MAG Corps' decision to close a case, and in a few instances, even petitioned Israel's High Court of Justice (HCJ) against a decision to close a case, or regarding unreasonable delays in the MAG Corps' processing of a case. Since the second intifada began in late 2000, B'Tselem has demanded an investigation in 739 cases in which soldiers killed, injured, or beat Palestinians,used them as human shields, or damaged Palestinian property. An analysis of the responses B'Tselem received as to how the military law enforcement system handled these 739 cases shows that in a quarter (182) no investigation was ever launched, in nearly half (343), the investigation was closed with no further action, and only in very rare instances (25), were charges brought against the implicated soldiers. Another thirteen cases were referred for disciplinary action. A total of 132 cases are still at various processing stages, and the MAG Corps was unable to locate 44 others Details: Jerusalem: B'Tselem - The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, 2016. 85p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 26, 2016 at: http://www.btselem.org/download/201605_occupations_fig_leaf_eng.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Israel URL: http://www.btselem.org/download/201605_occupations_fig_leaf_eng.pdf Shelf Number: 140041 Keywords: Human Rights AbuseLaw EnforcementMilitary PolicePolice Use of Force |
Author: van Loon, A.J. Title: Law and Order in Ancient Egypt: The Development of Criminal Justice from the Pharaonic New Kingdom until the Roman Dominate Summary: In one way or another, the civilizations who ruled over Egypt in antiquity could all boast a close connection to the concepts of 'law' and 'justice'. Balance, justice, and order - all personified by the goddess Ma'at - were the cornerstones of Ancient Egyptian religion and society. The Greek Ptolemies, who ruled over Egypt between 323 and 30 BC, would become famous for their advanced and intricate bureaucracy, which also featured a highly effective law enforcement system. The Romans, more than any, prided themselves on their laws, which remain influential in modern societies to this day. This thesis sets out to discover the manner in which criminal justice in Egypt developed from the times of the New Kingdom, through the Ptolemaic era, and under Roman rule. Not only for the above-mentioned anecdotal reasons, but also because the capability to deal with crime and to maintain order can serve as an indicator for a successful administration in general. Because criminal law forms an integral part of a legal system as a whole, which, in turn, is inseparable from the general administrative system of a country, all of these will be taken into account. The following questions will be answered in this thesis: how were the various legal and administrative systems organized?; which actions were considered to be crimes by the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans?; who possessed the legal authority to deal with these matters?; and in what manner were criminal transgressions dealt with in practice? In the end, the aim is to not only find out how criminal justice developed in the course of nearly two millennia, but also to offer an explanation as to why these developments took their specific course. Details: Leiden, NETH: Leiden University, 2014. 63p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed September 27, 2016 at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/30196/Law%20and%20Order%20in%20Ancient%20Egypt.pdf?sequence=1 Year: 2014 Country: Egypt URL: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/30196/Law%20and%20Order%20in%20Ancient%20Egypt.pdf?sequence=1 Shelf Number: 146152 Keywords: CrimeCriminal Justice SystemsCriminal LawHistorical StudyLaw EnforcementPunishment |
Author: Major Cities Chiefs Association Title: Discussions on the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing: How Police Agencies are Using the Report, How Police Agencies are Implementing the Recommendations, Police Agencies' Reactions to the Recommendations, and the Value of Understanding Histo Summary: To discuss the progress made in implementing the recommendations of the Final Report of the President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing one year after its publication, the Major Cities Chiefs Association (MCCA) held three Police Executive Leadership Series meetings in May 2016. These round table sessions were hosted in Nashville, Tennessee; Arlington, Texas; and Tucson, Arizona, and were attended by law enforcement leaders, rank-and-file police officers, and task force members. The sessions were highly productive: There was a spirited exchange of ideas, open sharing of experiences, and recommendations for overcoming obstacles. There was also mutual agreement on many issues. This report details the discussions and includes suggestions that can be helpful to local government and other stakeholders as well as law enforcement. In addition to practical guidance for adopting the task force report's recommendations, it provides descriptions of innovative programs and lessons learned that can be of value to all agencies and their communities. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Police Executive Leadership Series: Accessed November 8, 2016: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p352-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p352-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 145320 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice ReformPolicing |
Author: Sohoni, Mila Title: Crackdowns Summary: The crackdown is the executive decision to intensify the severity of enforcement of existing laws or regulations as to a selected class of offenders or offenses. Each year, federal, state, and local prosecutors and agencies carry out thousands of crackdowns on everything from trespassing to insider trading to minimum-wage violations at nail salons. Despite crackdowns’ ubiquity, legal scholarship has devoted little attention to the crackdown and to the distinctive legal and policy challenges that crackdowns can pose. This Article offers an examination and a critique of the crackdown as a tool of public law. The crackdown can be a benign and valuable law enforcement technique. But crackdowns can also stretch statutory authority to the breaking point, threaten to infringe on constitutional values, generate unjust or absurd results, and serve the venal interests of the law enforcer at the expense of the interests of the public. Surveying a spectrum of crackdowns from the criminal and administrative contexts, and from local, state, and federal law, this Article explores the many ways that crackdowns may quietly subvert democratic values. The obvious challenge, then, is to discourage the implementation of pathological crackdowns, while also preserving the needed flexibility to enforce the law, within the context of a legal and political system that imposes sparse restraints on the crackdown choice. This Article locates a foundation for tackling this challenge in the requirement of “faithful” execution in Article II’s Take Care Clause and its cognate clauses in the state constitutions. The crackdown decision should be faithful — to statutory text and context, to the interests of the public, and to constitutional and rule-of-law values. By elaborating the content of this obligation, this Article supplies a novel normative framework for evaluating the crackdown — and a much-needed legal platform for governing it. Cutting sharply against the grain of modern law, this Article calls for a broad rethinking of the principles and constraints that should frame the Executive’s power to selectively and programmatically augment enforcement. Details: San Diego: University of San Diego School of Law, 2017. 68p. Source: Internet Resource: Legal Studies Research Paper Series No. 16-236: Accessed December 14, 2016 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2877476 Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2877476 Shelf Number: 144887 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolice Crackdowns |
Author: Broderick, Elizabeth Title: Cultural Change: Gender Diversity and Inclusion in the Australian Federal Police Summary: On 22 August 2016, AFP Commissioner Andrew Colvin released the report Cultural Change: Gender Diversity and Inclusion in the Australian Federal Police, following an independent review of the organisation by former Sex Discrimination Commissioner, Elizabeth Broderick. The report followed extensive consultation with more than 1,000 AFP members over the past six months. A number of key themes emerged during the review process: the importance of strong leadership to cultural reform; the differential impacts of AFP culture on men's and women's experiences; high rates of sexual harassment and bullying in the AFP; barriers to and opportunities for increased women's representation in the AFP workforce; and, the challenge of combining a police career with family. The review highlights strong and courageous leadership as an essential ingredient of cultural change. While many in the AFP described the organisation as a supportive and respectful workplace, the rates of sexual harassment and bullying reported in the survey were alarming. Overall, 29% of survey respondents reported being subjected to at least one work-related incident of sexual harassment in the last five years, with 64% of survey respondents reporting being subjected to workplace bullying over the same period. Details: Canberra: Elizabeth Broderick & Co.: Australian Federal Police, 2016. 104p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2017 at: https://www.afp.gov.au/sites/default/files/PDF/Reports/Broderick-Report-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: https://www.afp.gov.au/sites/default/files/PDF/Reports/Broderick-Report-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 145540 Keywords: DiversityFemale Police OfficersLaw EnforcementPolicingWorkplace BullyingWorkplace Harassment |
Author: Sayigh, Yezid Title: Dilemmas of Reform: Policing in Arab Transitions Summary: Struggles over the security sector have been central to the politics of every Arab state that has undergone transition in the wake of armed conflict or political upheaval since the early 1990s. And wherever pre-transition elite coalitions have been neither forged anew nor replaced, security sectors no longer clearly serve a dominant political, social, and economic order. In these contexts, generic Western models of security sector reform cannot adequately resolve the dilemmas revealed by Arab states in transition and can do no more than alter these sectors superficially. Systemic change is needed, but the political and institutional brittleness of Arab states in transition presents a significant obstacle. Dilemmas of Policing in Arab States in Transition - Constitutional frameworks in these states are degraded and politics are polarized, which prevents the effective governance of security sectors. -State capacity is in decline, undermining the ability of policing to help uphold the social order and moral economy. - These governments' renewed emphasis on counterterrorism has intensified long-standing patterns of violent behavior and impunity in the security sector, reinforcing the sector's resistance to reform while prompting the public to acquiesce to the restoration of authoritarian practices. - Declining state resources, increasingly informal economies, and deepening illegality have raised the costs of reforming and professionalizing security sectors. These trends have also incentivized security sectors' implication in corruption and collusion with criminal networks and armed actors, stiffening the sectors' resistance to reform. - Growing numbers of citizens have turned to alternative forms of community policing and mechanisms based on customary law, but these systems are eroding, often giving way to hybrid, militia-based structures. Challenging Future - Security sector reform cannot take place unless political elites and leading institutional actors see a shared interest in it. In the absence of this, security sectors have fractured along sectarian, ethnic, and partisan lines, or have asserted their complete autonomy in pursuit of their own agendas. - Generic transparency rules and oversight frameworks recommended in conventional reform approaches cannot tackle corruption or illegal economic activity in the security sector. Arab states in transition are especially unwilling to undertake necessary but risky reforms or to impose accountability. - The rehabilitation and reform of security sectors requires a nonpartisan approach and depends on reaching a reasonable consensus on the components of the social order and the principles of an acceptable moral economy. Without this, the technical assistance and training routinely offered in conventional reform programs will be of little value. Details: Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; Beirut, Lebanon: Carnegie Middle East Center, 2016. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 17, 2017 at: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CEIP_CMEC61_Sayigh_Final.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Asia URL: http://carnegieendowment.org/files/CEIP_CMEC61_Sayigh_Final.pdf Shelf Number: 145050 Keywords: Informal EconomyLaw EnforcementPolice ReformPolicingSecurity ForcesTerrorism |
Author: Balkovich, Edward Title: Helping Law Enforcement Use Data from Mobile Applications A Guide to the Prototype Mobile Information and Knowledge Ecosystem (MIKE) Tool Summary: Consumer devices that automatically and unobtrusively collect data about their users, including cell phones and other mobile devices, are spreading. While these devices gather much data that is potentially helpful to law enforcement, they also complicate the interpretation of surveillance law and raise questions about privacy. Moreover, facilitating law enforcement understanding of and access to metadata may help law enforcement adjust practices as increased use of encryption decreases the availability of content information, even with appropriate legal permission. This report documents a prototype tool called MIKE (the Mobile Information and Knowledge Ecosystem) created to help interested stakeholders - law enforcement, commercial enterprises, regulators, legislators, and the public (including advocacy groups) - better understand the mobile app ecosystem and the relationships among the data, its sources, and applicable legal constraints. This volume describes the prototype, explains how it was developed, provides a manual for those who are interested in using it, and discusses how the prototype might be updated and extended. Details: Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017. 124p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 6, 2017 at: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1482.html Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1482.html Shelf Number: 135335 Keywords: Information PrivacyInternetLaw EnforcementMobile DevicesMobile PhonesPolice TechnologyPrivacy |
Author: Afeno, Super O. Title: Killings by the security forces in Nigeria: mapping and trend analysis (2006-2014) Summary: Over the years, the Nigerian army have been regularly deployed to assist the police in law enforcement and internal security operations. This practice results largely from the belief that the presence of the security forces is sufficient to guarantee internal security. Data from the Nigeria Watch database however indicates that the intervention of the security forces in violent incidents often exacerbates the situation. This study shows that between June 2006 and May 2014 the security forces have caused fatalities in 59% of the lethal incidents where they intervened. Secondly, the more the security forces intervene the more people are killed. This explains why from an annual average of 59% between June 2006 and May 2007, killings by the security forces peaked at 80% between June 2013 and May 2014. Thirdly, 58% of police intervention cause fatalities compare to 60% in the case of the army, an indication that killings by the police is more prevalent but the army cause more fatalities per incident. Lastly, killings by the security forces are more prevalent in the southern region, but cause more fatalities in the northern part of the country. Details: Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria; IFRA Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, 2014. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: IFRA-Nigeria working papers series, n37: Accessed May 26, 2017 at: http://www.ifra-nigeria.org/publications/e-papers/nigeria-watch-project/71-afeno-super-o-2014-killings-by-the-security-forces-in-nigeria-mapping-and-trend-analysis-2006-2014 Year: 2014 Country: Nigeria URL: http://www.ifra-nigeria.org/publications/e-papers/nigeria-watch-project/71-afeno-super-o-2014-killings-by-the-security-forces-in-nigeria-mapping-and-trend-analysis-2006-2014 Shelf Number: 145822 Keywords: Deadly Force Homicides Law EnforcementSecurity Forces |
Author: Muntingh, Lukas Title: Understanding impunity in the South African law enforcement agencies Summary: This paper analyses the underlying structural and functional reasons for de facto impunity in South African law enforcement with specific reference to the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). While the legislative framework presents no major obstacles to holding state officials accountable for gross rights violations, it remains a rare event that officials are prosecuted and convicted for assault, torture and actions resulting in the death of criminal suspects and prisoners. The paper argues that the reasons for prevailing impunity in respect of rights violations perpetrated by state officials are found across a broad spectrum. These relate firstly to South Africa's historical development and in particular the security forces inherited by the Government of National Unity (GNU) in 1994. The failure by the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) to prosecute apartheid-era perpetrators of rights violations following the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) set a particular benchmark that left victims frustrated and, more importantly, a prosecutorial approach tolerant of rights violations. Important legal and policy developments in the police and prison system faltered in material ways and this further undermined accountability. Post-1994 governments' response to or lack thereof, in respect of obligations under international human rights law and treaty monitoring bodies left much to be desired, thus further strengthening a perception that the state is not accountable. At the functional level it is argued that the state has failed to regard the high incidence of rights violations as a systemic problem and rather opted to focus on managing the media fall-out when high profile violations surface. The manner in which the NPA has dealt with rights violations perpetrated by law enforcement officials clearly indicate that it is reluctant to prosecute, but it has also not been called to account for this trend and explain the reasons why recommendations by oversight structures to prosecute are in the overwhelming majority of cases not followed. Impunity is also enabled by the erratic enforcement of the internal disciplinary codes in SAPS and DCS. Statistics show great variation from year to year, indicative that managers in these two departments do not enforcement discipline in a consistent manner. With reference to designated oversight structures, it is observed that recommendations to these two departments are seldom followed. This is particularly the case with SAPS and the Independent Complaints Directorate (ICD). Civil litigation against the two departments in respect of rights violations result in substantial costs to the tax payer, yet the two departments have not regarded this as the result of systemic problems and opted to contest these claims individually. As a result of de facto impunity, law enforcement is increasingly suffering from a legitimacy crisis and public confidence in these institutions are probably at all-time low. To address impunity it is required that transparency and accountability be strengthened to ensure that the transformative ideals of the Constitution are realised. Details: South Africa: Civil Society Prison Reform Initiative (CSPRI) c/o Community Law Centre, 2013. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 4, 2017 at: http://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/understanding-impunity-in-the-south-african-law-enforcement-agencies Year: 2013 Country: South Africa URL: http://acjr.org.za/resource-centre/understanding-impunity-in-the-south-african-law-enforcement-agencies Shelf Number: 146703 Keywords: Corrections OfficersHuman Rights AbusesLaw EnforcementPolice AccountabilityPolicingPrison GuardsPrisons |
Author: Casas-Zamora, Kevin Title: The Besieged Polis: Citizen Insecurity and Democracy in Latin America Summary: Latin America remains a region plagued by high levels of violent crime and widespread perceptions of insecurity, threats that jeopardize democratic stability and state viability. In a new Brookings monograph, The Besieged Polis: Citizen Insecurity and Democracy in Latin America, former senior fellow and current OAS Secretary for Political Affairs Kevin Casas-Zamora examines the nexus of citizen insecurity and democracy. He argues that democratic consolidation in Latin America requires a sustained and multi-pronged effort to reduce crime rates. The monograph, co-published with the Organization of American States, focuses on the inverse relationship between perceived insecurity and trust in government institutions, and presents alarming findings regarding the state of insecurity and democracy in the region: The perception of insecurity in Latin America is extremely acute, homogenous, and on the rise, according to all available indicators. Victimization and perceived insecurity are inversely correlated to support for democracy and trust in government institutions, negatively correlated to levels of social tolerance and trust between neighbors, and positively correlated with support for "iron-fisted" solutions - including coups d'etat - to national problems. The region's obvious vulnerabilities (inequality in income distribution; a severe lack of trust in police and judicial institutions; lack of social integration opportunities for young people) seem to be associated with the high levels of violent crime. Widespread crime compromises the state's monopoly of legitimate coercion, evidenced by the rapid growth of weakly regulated private security companies and the proliferation of "black spots" where the state's authority has been seriously compromised. A course correction is clearly needed. The Besieged Polis offers concrete and comprehensive policy recommendations to address citizen insecurity and ensure a better future for democracy in Latin America. These include: Reframing the discussion about crime to include more comprehensive strategies for social development, especially for youth; Democratizing the debate on ways to address crime to include parliaments and other key actors; Boosting horizontal and vertical coordination of citizen security policies; Modernizing law enforcement institutions and investing in information; Improving policy-community relations; and Increasing the presence of state authorities in problem areas. Details: Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. Latin America Initiative; Organization of American States, 2013. 112p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 6, 2017 at: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/citizen-insecurity-casas-zamora.pdf Year: 2013 Country: Latin America URL: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/citizen-insecurity-casas-zamora.pdf Shelf Number: 147036 Keywords: Citizen SecurityLaw EnforcementPoliceViolent Crime |
Author: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) Title: Drug squads: units specialised in drug law enforcement in Europe: Situation in the EU Member States, Norway and Turkey in 2015 Summary: In 2014, the EMCDDA took the decision to carry out a limited follow-up study of the EMCDDA Paper Drug squads: units specialised in drug law enforcement in Europe (EMCDDA, 2013), with the aim of monitoring possible changes and trends in drug supply reduction resulting from law enforcement activities. An abbreviated version of the data collection questionnaire employed in the original study was used for reporting by reference persons from the 28 EU Member States, Norway and Turkey. The reference persons were also given the opportunity to provide additional information and comments. The European drug law enforcement landscape in 2015 is broadly similar to the situation in 2012. The total number of drug squads in Europe has remained stable (1 187 squads in 2012 versus 1 133 in 2015), as has the number of staff allocated to drug squads. Although the number of law enforcement officers decreased by 10 % between 2012 and 2015 (from 17 720 to 15 870), the total number of staff employed in European drug squads increased slightly (from 19-490 to 20-515 staff members). Details: Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017. 14p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 18, 2018 at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/7143/Drug%20squads%202017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Europe URL: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/7143/Drug%20squads%202017.pdf Shelf Number: 148857 Keywords: Drug Control Drug Enforcement Drug Markets Illicit DrugsLaw Enforcement |
Author: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Title: Law Enforcement Information Sharing Task Force. EDiscovery Initiative Final Report Summary: The Law Enforcement Information Sharing Task Force (Task Force) reviewed the mission set forth in PA 99-0874 and determined that the imminent technological possibilities were a priority. Moreover, while PA 99-0874 highlights the importance of studying information sharing technologies and processes for the purpose of improving the criminal discovery process, the Task Force determined that the state's role in facilitating information sharing for public safety and criminal justice agencies must go beyond criminal discovery. Illinois must advance its efforts for using technology to improve multi-jurisdictional, crossboundary, information sharing between local and state public safety agencies and criminal justice agencies. The Task Force believes that the charge set forth by PA 99-0874 could serve as an effective use case for state and local governments to collaboratively initiate the development of a comprehensive statewide information sharing environment for the public safety and criminal justice domain. However, the Task Force also agreed that it did not have the resources and or capacities to fully examine this complex issue, which would include, at a minimum, a deeper analysis of the different information systems local jurisdictions use, how the state could promote more effective information sharing practices among local jurisdictions, and the real cost and benefits of implementation. As such, the Task Force offers this report as a preliminary analysis and set of recommendations to promote more effective and efficient state and local information sharing practices and systems. Details: Chicago: ICJIA, 2007. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 20, 2018 at: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/pdf/ICJIA_ILEITF_HB5613_Report_%20120117.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.icjia.state.il.us/assets/pdf/ICJIA_ILEITF_HB5613_Report_%20120117.pdf Shelf Number: 148888 Keywords: CollaborationInformation SharingLaw EnforcementPolice Technology |
Author: Smith, Brian T. Title: Ethics on the Fly: Toward a Drone-Specific Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Summary: This thesis examines the issue of law enforcement's use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) from an ethical perspective. It describes ethics as rules governing individual conduct that are functionally specific, relating to the role one plays in society. The role police play in U.S. communities and the ethical frameworks they use to guide their conduct have a great impact in defining the relationship between the people and their government in the American context, colored as it is by the social contract and the idea, enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, that the legitimacy of any government is derived from the consent of the governed.[1] Empowered to enforce the laws by which society has corporately agreed to be governed, police have a unique ethical relationship to the law. For an action to be ethical for police to take, it must first be legal. The law is a necessary deontological reference point for officers and agencies in defining right and wrong conduct. Unfortunately, in the current environment, legislation governing UAS use by police agencies is lacking. This circumstance creates a referential void for law enforcement executives seeking to put drone technology to use in service of the public. From a homeland security perspective, public safety stands to be greatly enhanced by the fielding of these versatile platforms. UAS will allow law enforcement agencies without manned aviation units to realize gains in situational awareness, crime scene investigation, accident investigation, search and rescue operations, warrant service, and tactical operations. At issue is how to put the technology to use in these legitimate public safety missions in a way that adequately addresses the privacy and other concerns that accompany any discussion about domestic drone use by government. It is imperative that these issues be considered if public support for law enforcement UAS deployment is to be secured.[2] Yet, at present, the discussion about the ethics of UAS employment for law enforcement purposes is nearly absent from the literature. This research seeks to help fill that void. The primary research question posed by this thesis is whether a prevailing ethical framework exists to govern the use of UAS for domestic law enforcement functions. This thesis concluded that no such consensus exists. Indeed, this research found no single set of ethical guidelines is available to which all American police agencies subscribe. Rather, state and local law enforcement in the United States is fragmented, which results in a lack of standardization regarding ethical norms. With over 18,000 law enforcement agencies nationwide,[3] law enforcement in the United States is far from a unitary project. Whether by accident or by design, this circumstance allows agencies to be responsive to local and regional concerns with regard to the ethics of policing. As a secondary research question, this thesis considers what ethical frameworks might be applied to this problem through an examination of the emerging literature. A hybrid research methodology using elements of the case study method, as well as a policy analysis section, are used in developing this thesis. Using the case study method, it examines evidence of ethical frameworks currently in use by domestic law enforcement agencies. The evidence considered is largely documentary and considered against the ethical standards society expects of law enforcement. Once described, a comparative policy analysis is performed to identify any overlapping areas of concern that appear to be held in common. This study identified seven common dimensions of ethical concern regarding UAS employment: Engagement Accountability Transparency Privacy Legality Use of Force Safety This thesis recommends that agencies currently using or preparing to use UAS for law enforcement missions address these dimensions in a drone-specific code of conduct, both to guide decision making for officers in the field and to inform the public regarding the uses and limitations of these increasingly capable public safety tools. Further, this thesis recommends the code of conduct be made available for public review and that it be considered a living document that is expected to change over time. Public opinion is not static; society's expectations are subject to refinement over time. It is in this light, possessing a capacity for change, that the code of conduct should be understood when considering drones and their place alongside other tools employed in law enforcement missions. Of the more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States,[4] only 20 agencies have a certificate of waiver authorization (COA) with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to operate drones.[5] Accordingly, very little experience exists from which to draw regarding what acceptable and unacceptable conduct looks like in law enforcement's use of drones. UAS use by police is just one facet of an ever-broadening debate in this country about the costs of security in the modern world. The debate about police use of drones is a debate about the future of policing. Law enforcement agencies are uniquely positioned at this moment to lead that conversation, demonstrating that drone technology can contribute to this nation's collective security in a way consistent with American principles and that maintains the consent of the governed. Details: Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School, 2016. 79p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed March 28, 2018 at: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=792232 Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.hsdl.org/?abstract&did=792232 Shelf Number: 149603 Keywords: Code of ConductDronesHomeland SecurityLaw EnforcementPolice SurveillancePolice TechnologyUnmanned Aerial System |
Author: National Sheriffs' Association Title: Cross-Deputization in Indian Country Summary: Jurisdiction in Indian country has long been complicated by multifaceted tribal, state, and federal laws, policies, and court decisions, making it difficult for law enforcement to effectively address many types of criminal offenses. Whether the victim and perpetrator belonged to a tribe, where the crime took place, and other circumstances must be considered before any action can be taken. But recent changes in tribal, federal, and state law have enabled tribal law enforcement to enforce a broader array of state and federal crimes by cross-commissioning and cross-deputizing their officers. This report - based on the work of the National Sheriffs' Association, which assembled a cross-deputization advisory panel - examines the jurisdictional and legal limits of cross-deputization and how it has been implemented in various law enforcement agencies in Indian country. It also describes some of the most promising practices and provides sample documents and agreements. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2018. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 14, 2018 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p363-pub.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p363-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 150869 Keywords: American IndiansIndians of North AmericaIndigenous PeoplesLaw EnforcementNative AmericansPolicing |
Author: Rahman, Muhammad Faizal Bin Abdul Title: Smart CCTVs for Secure Cities: Potentials and Challenges Summary: The operating environment for law enforcement particularly in cities has grown more complex over the last decade. Security threats emanate from both traditional and non-traditional sources, emerging technologies give rise to new forms of crimes, and public demand for more agile responses make policing extremely challenging. Leveraging new technologies is one key way in which law enforcement has responded to these challenges. In particular, the integration of smart technologies with regular closed-circuit televisions (CCTVs), otherwise known as Smart CCTVs, is envisaged to help law enforcement improve situational awareness as well as obtain additional sources of data for analysis or investigation. Yet, not much has been written about this emerging technology. As such, this exploratory study aims to: (i) examine how Smart CCTVs can be used to enhance law enforcement capabilities; (ii) identify issues and challenges associated with that use; and (iii) examine approaches to mitigate such challenges. Upon examination, this study has found that Smart CCTVs can enhance law enforcement capabilities in four ways. They can: (i) act as a force multiplier; (ii) support police patrols; (iii); overcome human limitations; and (iv) support crisis and emergency management. As Smart CCTVs are powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), it is argued that they should not be regarded simply as tools for law enforcement, but rather as "partners". With that, the challenges associated with the use of Smart CCTV for law enforcement include: (i) cybersecurity issues; (ii) adaptive and resolute adversaries; (iii) operational surprises; and (iv) an overreliance on the technology. As such, approaches to mitigate these challenges include: (i) a multi-pronged cybersecurity strategy that focuses on resilience rather than deterrence; (ii) empowering law enforcement officers with new skill sets; (iii) experimenting with plausible security scenarios to optimally integrate the use of Smart CCTVs into patrol operations, investigations and intelligence; (iv) ensuring that the adoption of technology is done in tandem with community partnership; and (v) deepening partnership with the private sector in terms of both regular CCTV and Smart CCTV surveillance. Details: Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2017. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 9, 2018 at:http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/RSIS-Smart%20CCTVs%20for%20Secure%20Cities,%20Potential%20and%20Challenges.pdf Year: 2017 Country: International URL: http://www.css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/resources/docs/RSIS-Smart%20CCTVs%20for%20Secure%20Cities,%20Potential%20and%20Challenges.pdf Shelf Number: 151458 Keywords: Closed Circuit TelevisionsCybersecurity IssuesIntelligenceLaw EnforcementPolice PatrolsSecurity ThreatsSmart Technologies |
Author: DeAngelo, Gregory Title: Policing for Profit: The Political Economy of Law Enforcement Summary: In recent years numerous observers have raised concerns about "policing for profit," or the deployment of law enforcement resources to raise funds for cash-strapped jurisdictions. However, identifying the causal effect of fiscal incentives on law enforcement behavior has remained elusive. Researchers have given little theoretical attention to the potentially confounding responses of potential offenders to increased revenue-seeking by law enforcers. Moreover, empirical designs have not effectively addressed the endogeneity of the spatial and temporal variation in fiscal incentives to factors that may directly affect law enforcement or offender behavior. We model the effects of fiscal incentives on traffic safety enforcement, finding that rules allocating a greater share of fine revenues to deploying jurisdictions may induce increased enforcement effort by patrol officers, and consequent reductions in unsafe driving behavior, with only indeterminate effects on the frequency of citations. We test this model using daily, monthly, and fully aggregated citation and accident data from Saskatchewan, Canada between 1990 and 2017, for towns policed under the province's contract with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. We find that fiscal rules reducing the share of fine revenue captured by the province in jurisdictions above a sharply defined population threshold increase the frequency and severity of accidents in jurisdictions just above this threshold, but have no or even weakly positive effects on the frequency of citations in these jurisdictions; these results are robust to the use of both data-driven regression discontinuity and local randomization inference strategies. We observe no discontinuities in the accident data at this threshold during the period prior to the introduction of these fiscal rules, in the areas "near" these jurisdictions, within which the province receives 100% of fine revenue throughout our period of interest, or at any of 20 placebo thresholds constructed on either side of the actual population threshold. Details: George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper, 2018. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3197705 Year: 2018 Country: Canada URL: https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=4560951061120660060130990100311190740060040040210630370721120951050171010671060660850361260380561100281180811221161240260731160500820050210061140660691050940260050470870190021120800 Shelf Number: 151486 Keywords: Fiscal IncentivesLaw EnforcementPolitical EconomyTraffic EnforcementTraffic Safety |
Author: Ash, Elliott Title: Local Public Finance and Discriminatory Policing: Evidence from Traffic Stops in Missouri Summary: This paper provides evidence of racial variation in local governments' traffic enforcement responses to budget stress using data from policing agencies in the state of Missouri for the years 2001 through 2014. Like previous studies, we find that local budget stress is associated with higher citation rates. In addition, we find that there is an increase in traffic-stop arrests. However, we find that these effects are concentrated among white (rather than black or Hispanic) drivers. This statistical difference is robust to the inclusion of a range of covariates for traffic stops and to the inclusion of local population features interacted with year. These results are consistent with a model where traffic police selectively target higher-income drivers to compensate for budget stress. Also consistent with this view, we find that the racial difference in citation and arrest rates is highest where the white-to-black income ratio is highest. Details: Columbia Public Law Research Paper, 2018. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 12, 2018 at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3192562 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: file:///C:/Users/AuthUser/Downloads/SSRN-id3192562.pdf Shelf Number: 151485 Keywords: Law EnforcementPolicingRacial DisparitiesTraffic Stops |
Author: Simich, Laura Title: Questioning Bias: Validating a Bias Crime Victim Assessment Tool in California and New Jersey, Summary Overview Summary: Hate crime victimization is significantly under-reported both by victims and by law enforcement agencies in the United States (Berk et al., 2003; Herek et al., 1999, Levin & McDevitt, 1993; 2002; McPhail, 2002; Perry, 2001; Perry, 2002; Shively, 2005, Shively et al., 2014; Shively & Mulford, 2007). In the absence of better ways to support victims and to identify and respond to hate crime victimization, hate crimes may go unrecognized and unpunished, particularly among certain at-risk groups. The purpose of this two-year study (2016-2017) was to investigate experiences of hate incidents, crimes and factors affecting underreporting among youth and adults in LGBT, Hispanic, Black, Muslim communities in New Jersey and Los Angeles. Based on the research findings, the Vera Institute of Justice (Vera) has developed an assessment tool to improve the identification of hate crime victimization, the Bias Crime Assessment Tool (BCAT), which aims to better reflect victims' experiences, increase confidence in the reporting process, increase the ability of these groups to identify hate crime victimization and help to record more accurate data. Accompanied by Guidelines for users, the BCAT is intended for law enforcement, schools and community groups who wish to increase the likelihood that victims will feel encouraged to report, and to help authorities respond to hate incidents and crimes in a meaningful way. This summary uses the terms bias crime and hate crime interchangeably. Details: New York: Vera Institute of Justice and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 2018. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 2, 2018 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/252010.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/252010.pdf Shelf Number: 153114 Keywords: Bias CrimeBias Crime Assessment ToolCommunity GroupsHate CrimeHispanicLaw EnforcementLGBTMuslim |
Author: McKee, Erin Title: Crimmigration in Oregon: Protecting the Rights of Noncitizen Defendants Summary: Several studies show that immigrants in the United States commit crimes at lower rates than native-born citizens and rates of violent crime in metropolitan areas fall as the immigrant population rises. Despite this, the specter of the "criminal alien" continues to haunt the popular imagination, aided by lurid media coverage highlighting the few cases of serious or violent crimes committed by immigrants. The Trump administration has greatly expanded the groups of people targeted for removal from the U.S., while severely limiting legal immigration. Enforcement actions are taking place against a broad group of noncitizens, including those who have committed only minor crimes or even no crimes at all. WHAT IS CRIMMIGRATION? Crimmigration broadly refers to the criminalization of migration, increased immigration detention and use of private prisons, the prison-to-deportation pipeline, and a deportation process described by one immigration judge as "what amount to death penalty cases heard in traffic court settings." Viewed narrowly, crimmigration refers to the immediate and long-term immigration consequences of criminal convictions. WHAT CAN OREGON DO TO PROTECT NONCITIZEN OREGONIANS AND THEIR FAMILIES? Crimmigration Report Infographic What Oregon Legislators Can Do.jpg We have developed a report as a resource for legislators and others that provides analysis of the legal steps that can be taken that will help to protect noncitizen Oregonians and their families. Click here to read the report. Legislators can: 1. Create Pre-Plea Diversion. Allow qualified defendants to enter pre-trial diversion or deferred adjudication without a guilty or no-contest plea. 2. Allow prior convictions to fit current law. Oregon has already reduced maximum sentences for Class A misdemeanors from 365 days to 364 and should allow this to apply retroactively. 3. Define the prosecutor's duty. Require prosecutors to consider avoiding adverse immigration consequences in plea negotiations. 4. Improve the effectiveness of the court's admonishment. Warn every defendant much earlier in the legal process that if they are a noncitizen that a conviction may have serious immigration consequences so they have time to seek appropriate help. 5. Prohibit disclosure of immigration status in court. No one should be forced to disclose their immigration status in court because it creates unnecessary risk of immigration enforcement and discrimination. 6. Define defense counsel's duty. Require defense counsel to ensure clients understand potential outcomes of their cases and the immigration consequences so they can make the best decisions for themselves and their families. 7. Expand post-conviction relief. Allow defendants to apply for relief within a reasonable period of discovering they received bad advice about the immigration consequences of a plea or conviction. Oregon can also: Crimmigration Report Infographic What Else Oregon Can Do.jpg 1. Uphold the "sanctuary state" law. State and local employees should be reminded of their duty to uphold the law by not using public resources to detect or apprehend people whose only violation is being present in the U.S. contrary to federal immigration law and should receive training about this. Law enforcement leaders and prosecutors should investigate violations of the "sanctuary state" law and prosecute offenders for official misconduct. Information about violations and training employees have received should be public. 2. End "broken windows" policing targeting low-level offenders. Stop bringing people to the courts for minor offenses where they become vulnerable to aggressive ICE enforcement. 3. Limit information sharing. Law enforcement agencies, prosecutors' offices, probation offices, and others should create policies that make it clear to staff where contacting ICE would go beyond the scope of their duties and punish violations. 4. End local jail contracts with ICE. Oregons jails should immediately stop contracting with ICE to detain noncitizens so that counties no longer profit from deportation. Details: Portland, Oregon: Oregon Justice Resource Center, 2018. Source: Internet Resource: January 9, 2019 at: https://ojrc.info/crimmigration-in-oregon/ Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/524b5617e4b0b106ced5f067/t/5b353c3503ce6435b6aa1026/1530215484282/Crimmigration+Report+June+2018.pdf Shelf Number: 154021 Keywords: Broken Windows PolicingCriminal AlienCrimmigrationDeportationImmigrantsImmigrationImmigration and Customs EnforcementImmigration DetentionImmigration StatusLaw EnforcementMigrationNative-Born Citizens NoncitizensPre-Trial DiversionSanctuary StateViolent Crime |
Author: Skidmore, Michael Title: More than Just a Number: Improving the Police Response to Victims of Fraud Summary: INTRODUCTION Fraud is estimated to make up 31 per cent of all crime in England and Wales, with 3.24 million fraud offences estimated to have taken place in the twelve months to March 2018. Research has found that 45 per cent of fraud victims felt that the financial loss they experienced had an impact on their emotional wellbeing and 37 per cent reported a significant psychological or emotional impact. Despite the scale and impact of the problem, it is widely agreed among policymakers, academics and law enforcement officials that fraud and the harms it causes are not prioritised by the police. This study is intended as a response to this imbalance between the scale and impact of fraud and the response it receives from policing. Its aim is to achieve a better understanding of the police response to fraud, to consider how appropriate this is and to suggest how policy and practice could be improved. To achieve this aim, the research set out to answer the following questions: - How is the police response to fraud organised across national, regional and local agencies? - How do police forces and partner agencies prioritise fraud? - Who is affected by fraud and what support is available to them? - How do the various organisations and agencies work together to respond to fraud and what roles and powers do they have to achieve this? - What impact has the internet had on the nature and volume of fraud? - What is being done to protect victims and identify vulnerability in local areas? - What determines whether the response to fraud is effective or not and what are the barriers to this? - Are there examples of emerging good practice which, if replicated, would improve the overall effectiveness of the response to fraud? In order to gain a full understanding of the subject, the research looked at the fraud response from both a local and national perspective. The majority of the locally based research was conducted in three police force areas - Avon and Somerset, Kent and Essex. Work included interviews with local practitioners, analysis of local data sets and a survey of the local police workforce. The research also included interviews with regional and national stakeholders, a survey of fraud leads across police forces across England and Wales and analysis of national fraud data sets. Details: London, UK: The Police Foundation, 2018. 102p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 16, 2019 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/publication/more-than-just-a-number-improving-the-police-response-to-victims-of-fraud/ Year: 2018 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/more_than_just_a_number_exec_summary.pdf Shelf Number: 154180 Keywords: EnglandFinancial LossFraudLaw EnforcementPolice ResponsePolicing |
Author: Carter, William A. Title: Low-Hanging Fruit: Evidence-Based Solutions to the Digital Evidence Challenge Summary: Executive Summary The growth of digital technologies and the rise of mobile computing over the past decade have created new opportunities and new challenges for law enforcement. On one hand, the proliferation of digital communications, digital storage devices, and ubiquitous connectivity has made more information available than ever before on the movements, conversations, and behavior of people. On the other hand, rapidly changing technologies, shifts in terms of who controls the data, adoption of sophisticated anonymity and obfuscation tools, and jurisdictional uncertainty create new and critical challenges for the detection, surveillance, and attribution of criminal activity. In fact, survey findings indicate that law enforcement officials across federal, state, and local entities encounter difficulties in effectively accessing, analyzing, and utilizing digital evidence in over one-third of their cases that involve digital evidence - a problem that is likely to grow over time absent national attention to this problem. The purpose of this report is to focus attention on a range of too-often neglected challenges and opportunities faced by law enforcement as they seek to access and use digital evidence in their cases. Recently, most of the discussions have focused on encryption: to what extent, and in what circumstances, if any, should one be compelled to facilitate access to encrypted communications or otherwise inaccessible devices? But the obstacles posed by encryption are just one aspect of the challenge in accessing digital evidence, albeit an important one. In many investigations, a range of data is potentially accessible to law enforcement pursuant to lawful means. For a variety of reasons, however, law enforcement officials often face significant obstacles in being able to access, decipher, or otherwise use that data, even when they have the legal authority to do so. Our survey of federal, state, and local law enforcement officials suggests that challenges in accessing data from service providers - much of which is not encrypted - is the biggest problem that they currently face in terms of their ability to use digital evidence in their cases. Specifically, the inability to effectively identify which service providers have access to relevant data was ranked as the number-one obstacle in being able to effectively use digital evidence in particular cases. Difficulties in obtaining sought-after data from these providers was ranked as a close second. These challenges ranked significantly higher than any other challenges - including challenges associated with accessing data from devices or interpreting the data that has been obtained. This is an issue that has received relatively little attention and resources, and certainly not enough compared to the need. The sole federal entity with an explicit mission to facilitate more efficient cooperation between law enforcement and industry - the National Domestic Communications Assistance Center (NDCAC) - has a budget of $11.4 million, spread among several different programs designed to distribute knowledge about service providers policies and products, develop and share technical tools, and train law enforcement on new services and technologies, among other initiatives. Another important digital evidence training center - the National Computer Forensic Institute, run by the Secret Service - has to fight each year for adequate appropriations. This year it was awarded $18.9 million, enough for it to train approximately 1,200 students. If fully funded, it could train over 3,000 students per year. An array of federal and state training centers, crime labs, and other efforts have been developed to help fill the gaps, but they are able to fill only a fraction of the need. Meanwhile, there is no central entity responsible for monitoring these efforts, taking stock of the demand, and filling the gaps. Nor is there any central entity responsible for the range of other, related policy concerns that have emerged and will undoubtedly continue to do so. The good news is that these are problems that can be solved, or at the very least much better managed than they are now. This will require a national commitment, adequate resourcing, and a shift in policy. The costs are moderate and the payoffs likely large. To fill these needs, this report calls for a new National Digital Evidence Policy, to be spearheaded by a National Digital Evidence Office that will have the responsibility for overseeing and coordinating the many efforts to fill the gaps. This office should, among other things, work with federal, state, and local law enforcement to track trends and challenges, and work with the other existing entities and individuals focused on these issues to improve law enforcement access to digital evidence, consistent with civil liberties. It should, for example, facilitate improved cooperation with service providers and help disseminate knowledge and analytical tools that can assist law enforcement in deciphering data that has been disclosed. And it should promote greater transparency about the nation's digital evidence policies and programs, ensure that new initiatives are being conducted in a manner consistent with privacy and civil liberties, and make recommendations with respect to new legal authorities and policy changes that are needed or being pursued. The report further calls for the authorization and adequate resourcing of NDCAC or an equivalent entity to serve as a training and technical support center within this new office. Building on NDCAC's current mission, this support center would conduct and develop both in-person and online trainings; collect and disseminate knowledge about provider policies and products; educate law enforcement about how to submit lawful and appropriately tailored requests for data; develop and maintain technical tools for analyzing lawfully obtained digital evidence; and disseminate these tools to appropriately trained law enforcement personnel around the country. Put simply, the current model - pursuant to which each and every office is largely expected to develop and maintain its own expertise - is not sustainable. Even with an extraordinary increase in funding and training, it is not practical or possible for every one of the thousands of federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies across the country to have, within their own department, adequate access to all of the resources and expertise needed. In fact, more than half of those surveyed stated that they lacked sufficient internal resources to handle digital evidence - a problem that is likely to grow as more and more information becomes digitalized. It is possible, however, to effectively train agents and other relevant officials as to when expert advice or technical assistance is needed and where to go to seek it - so long as the training and expert assistance is widely available. In support of these efforts, the report also calls for the creation of an expert advisory board, comprised of experts from law enforcement, industry, and members of civil society, to advise the National Digital Evidence Office in a consultative role. This will facilitate better policies with broad multi-stakeholder support, foster the kinds of conversations and interactions needed to build trust (if not agreement) between parties, ensure a full range of perspectives are considered, and provide a venue for providers and other outside voices to raise concerns and/or push for policy changes. Importantly, any workable solution will require renewed efforts by both law enforcement and the private companies that manage and hold data of interest. This report thus calls on tech companies that manage, store, and have access to data to do more as well. Specifically, the tech companies should commit to maintaining up-to-date law enforcement guidance, and better educating law enforcement on how their systems work and the kinds of data available, so as to avoid situations in which law enforcement has to guess what to ask for. This will in turn facilitate the submission of better and more tailored data requests from law enforcement, thereby eliminating a major source of concern on both sides of the process. The report further calls on providers to maintain, and, if applicable, develop, online mechanisms through which law enforcement can make lawful requests for data; to commit to fast response times for emergency requests; and to ensure that there is a human being for law enforcement to speak with in the event of emergency. Providers should also commit to continued transparency about the nature and volume of requests, to challenge what they perceive to be overbroad or unlawful demands for data that they might receive, and to report trends of concern to the National Digital Evidence Office, via input to the expert advisory board or otherwise. None of this is meant to replace the excellent work already underway in parts of the Department of Justice, across federal and district attorneys' offices, at federal and state crime labs, and in various other centers of excellence around the country. Nor is it meant to displace the efforts already underway by providers that have developed online portals to facilitate law enforcement access, make guides available to law enforcement, provide trainings, and engage in transparency reporting regarding law enforcement requests for data. But both survey results and interviews suggest that there is more to be done. A National Digital Evidence Office would build on, elevate the prominence of, and ensure adequate resourcing for the successful initiatives already underway, and also help to ensure that training and technical assistance is provided not just to those that already receive it, but across the many federal, state, and local offices where the need arises. Continued and increased engagement by tech companies would help ensure that law enforcement knows where to go to request particular data, the range of data available, and how to appropriately tailor their requests. Moreover, there is a clear need for best practices and industry standards that new entrants to the market and smaller-scale providers can adopt as well. Some of these steps will take longer to achieve. It will, no doubt, take some time and effort to authorize and set up a new National Digital Evidence Office. But there are a number of steps that can and should be taken immediately. The Department of Justice can and should set up an internal national digital evidence coordinating body to fill the important policy and oversight needs. Congress can and should adequately resource NDCAC to serve the training and technical roles that already fall within its mission. The many excellent training centers that already exist should also be fully funded and should expand their mission to reach a wider set of students and address a wider set of issues. Providers can and should also take voluntary steps to better facilitate access and tailored requests, consistent with the law and the need to protect privacy and civil liberties. The remainder of the report draws on survey results and a broad range of interviews to provide a detailed accounting and analysis of the four key areas of this report's focus: resource constraints, training programs, cooperation with service providers, and related legal and policy issues. Part II provides a detailed set of recommendations; part III provides conclusions. Details: Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2018. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 16, 2019 at: https://www.csis.org/analysis/low-hanging-fruit-evidence-based-solutions-digital-evidence-challenge Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://csis-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/180724_Carter_Digital_Evidence_FINAL.pdf?IwEUbeNl2632hDj.KIuMqJ_x0RBR_HI4 Shelf Number: 154224 Keywords: Cell PhonesDigital CommunicationsDigital EvidenceDigital TechnologiesEncryptionLaw EnforcementSmartphones |
Author: Peters, Mark G. Title: An Investigation of NYPD's New Force Reporting System Summary: The ability to accurately track and report on officer‐involved force incidents is critical to effectively managing a police department and maintaining the public's trust in law enforcement. In October 2015, however, the New York City Department of Investigation's (DOI) Office of the Inspector General for the NYPD (OIG‐NYPD) determined that the New York City Police Department (NYPD or the Department) was unable to identify and track such incidents. Among DOI's 15 recommendations to NYPD was the need for a separate, uniform use‐of‐force reporting form that allows NYPD to capture and track all officer uses of force and injuries that occur in the course of a police encounter. NYPD agreed in its response to the 2015 Report that such a tracking system was necessary and stated its plan to build one. In June 2016, the Department replaced its existing use‐of‐force policies, Patrol Guide Series 212, with a new set of use‐of‐force procedures, Patrol Guide Series 221. A new form - the Threat, Resistance, and Injury Worksheet (T.R.I.)was introduced to NYPD system‐wide as the foundation of the new force‐reporting protocols. NYPD designed the new form to record certain uses of force by and against police officers as well as any injuries occurring during the course of a police action or while an individual is in police custody. Considering the importance of the new T.R.I. use‐of‐force reporting system, DOI investigated NYPD's compliance with the new policy, focusing on whether officers were completing T.R.I. forms when they used reportable force during an arrest. Following the examination of over 30,000 pages of NYPD documents and interviews with both the NYPD bureau overseeing the T.R.I. program and precinct supervisors responsible for executing the program in the field, DOI arrived at the following findings: - Despite a Weak Start in 2016, NYPD was Largely in Compliance in 2017 with Respect to Certain T.R.I. Metrics. NYPD arrest reports contain drop-down boxes in which officers can select "Yes/No" on whether they used force; a "Yes" would require the officer to also complete a T.R.I. During September - November 2016, officers failed to complete a T.R.I. in 36.2% of cases in which they had reported "Force Used: Yes" on an arrest report. A sample of nine precincts between May July 2017, however, showed notable improvement; officers failed to complete T.R.I.s in only 10% of such cases. - Continuing Problems with T.R.I. Compliance: T.R.I.s Not Always Completed When Documents Signal That Reportable Force Was Used. DOI identified arrest reports with a resisting arrest charge in which the arresting officer selected "Force Used: No" on the arrest report drop-down box but the narrative suggests that the officer may have used force. DOI also identified Medical Treatment of Prisoner forms in which the officer's narrative description strongly suggests or clearly indicates that the officer used force on a member of the public, yet no T.R.I. was completed. NYPD does not have sufficient controls in place to identify these other uses of force - which are indeed harder to detect and to ensure that T.R.I.s are completed when required. Such cases would not be captured in an audit that focuses solely on arrest reports where officers say "Force Used: Yes" in a drop-down box. However, because force used is not formally documented in these instances, the completion of T.R.I. forms is even more important. - Continuing Problems with Force Reporting on Arrest Reports. In at least 30% of the arrest reports with resisting arrest charges in the 2016 study period (and 55.9% in a 2017 sample), officers stated that "No" force was used but still filed a T.R.I. affirming that the officer indeed used reportable force during the incident. This means that officers are underreporting force on arrest reports and, as a result, certain statistics in NYPD's recent Annual Use‐of‐Force Report do not accurately reflect the universe of force incidents. - Supervisory Failures in the T.R.I. Program. In addition to broader, technological solutions that are helping NYPD achieve better force reporting, supervisors play a vital role in ensuring T.R.I. compliance. DOI identified several supervisory failures in the T.R.I. program that NYPD must address. These include the failure to record T.R.I. information in command logs, to complete required steps when investigating a force incident, and to submit quarterly T.R.I. reports to the NYPD First Deputy Commissioner, as indicated in Patrol Guide Series 221. - Continued Concerns in the Field. Candid interviews with NYPD precinct commanders revealed the growing need for deadlines on T.R.I. forms (currently there are none), additional training for officers, a narrative section on the T.R.I. forms where officers can further document the incident (currently there is none), and a more effective hotline for supervisors to call when T.R.I. questions emerge. - Opportunities for More Detailed and More Transparent Reporting. Enhancing accountability and public trust requires that NYPD publish accurate and useful data on officer use of force. While NYPD's recent Annual Use‐of‐Force report provides useful base‐line data on general uses of force, the report does not satisfy all legal reporting requirements. NYPD can do more to ensure that the public has a fuller understanding of force incidents involving police officers. Comprehensive force reporting will ultimately bolster NYPD's efforts at community engagement by providing reliable and relevant data that will better inform the public discussion about officer use of force. Details: New York City, NY: Department of Investigation, 2018. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 16, 2019 at: https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doi/press-releases/2018/feb/08Use_of_Force_Report_020618.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doi/oignypd/reports.page Shelf Number: 154213 Keywords: Law EnforcementOfficer-Involved ForcePolice AccountabilityPolice DepartmentsPolice OfficerPolice ReportsTransparencyUse of Force |
Author: Cruz, Pamela Lizette Title: Customs and Border Protection Abuses at Ports of Entry Along the U.S.-Mexico Border Summary: INTRODUCTION With over 60,000 employees, Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is one of the largest federal law enforcement organizations in the world and the largest in the United States. CBP is entrusted with protecting the U.S. border by combating terrorism and transnational crime, advancing border security and management, and facilitating lawful and legitimate trade and travel. While still a relatively young agency - it was created in 2003 - CBP has experienced unprecedented organizational growth in both its Office of Field Operations and Border Patrol. But not all is well with CBP. Details: Houston, Texas: Rice University's Baker Institute for Public Policy, 2017. 4p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 22, 2019 at: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/files/11253/ Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/customs-and-border-protection-abuses-ports-entry-along-us-mexico-border/ Shelf Number: 154321 Keywords: Abuse Assault Border Patrol Border Security Customs and Border Protection Illegal Immigration Immigration Law Enforcement |
Author: Offerdahl, Thomas G. Title: A Systematic Analysis of the Challenges of Policing Senegal: The Role of the Police in Democracy Summary: Little is known about the role of the police in Africa, and even less about the police in francophone African countries. Intrastate conflicts and peace-building after the Cold War tied policing to personal security, democracy, and sustainable development. Senegal has a stable democracy and police forces that were established prior to Senegalese independence in 1960, but it is still uncertain if they can become a police force that contributes to national and personal security capable of dealing with human and narcotic trafficking, transnational crimes, and international terrorism. This study investigates the challenges facing the Senegalese police forces and their impact on the Senegalese national and personal security environment. The primary police services face challenges with resources, capacity, terrorism, and transnational crime. The major finding is that the centralized structure of the Senegalese police, controlled by a semi-authoritarian president and the political elites, prevents the police from becoming a public safety institution able to address matters of personal security. This dynamic isolates the police from the Senegalese citizens and atrophies their ability to combat crime, preventing their development into a public safety institution. Details: Scranton, Pennsylvania: University of Scranton, 2016. 107. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 30, 2019 at: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1029883.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Senegal URL: https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/50607 Shelf Number: 154387 Keywords: AfricaLaw EnforcementNational SecurityPolicePolicingPublic OrderSenegalTerrorismTransnational CrimeWest Africa |
Author: American Civil Liberties Union of Washington Title: Students Not Suspects: The Need to Reform School Policing in Washington State Summary: Introduction In December of 2015, Tucker, a 13-year-old Black student in Washington state, was arrested as a result of an incident that started when he mumbled a curse word to himself. Tucker's teacher ordered him to go sit outside on a bench; when Tucker refused to go outside unprotected in the cold, his teacher called the school police officer. The officer grabbed Tucker, slammed him to the ground, and as Tucker flailed, put his knee of the back of Tucker's head. Tucker was then arrested and booked into juvenile detention. He was charged with the crimes of "disturbing school" and "disrupting a law enforcement officer." Thirty years ago, few schools would routinely use police to respond to such student discipline incidents. Fewer than 100 police officers patrolled public schools in the late 1970s. Today, the lines between the education system and the criminal justice system are increasingly blurred. More than 24 percent of elementary schools and 42 percent of high schools nationwide have school police officers embedded in school campuses. These numbers are even higher for predominantly Black or Latinx schools, 51 percent of which have regularly stationed school police. As the numbers of police officers regularly stationed in schools has risen, so too have arrests in school. In districts around the country, police are regularly assigned or called to schools and have the full power of the criminal law to control students and their behaviors. In Washington, this includes the power to refer children for prosecution for the crime of "disturbing school." In the 2013-2014 school year, the 100 Washington schools with the largest student enrollments reported referring over 3,400 students to law enforcement. Regular police presence increases the likelihood that students will be arrested or prosecuted for misbehavior. Arrest is an inappropriate and ineffective way to address the causes of juvenile misbehavior. In-school use of traditional law enforcement tools (including arrest) helps create a "school to prison pipeline" where students are funneled directly from their schools into the criminal justice system. The school to prison pipeline not only harms students, it harms communities. Students who are arrested are more likely to drop out of school, less likely to graduate and more likely to be further involved in the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems. School policing in Washington is largely unregulated; no state law or policy directly addresses the use of police in schools. No state agency systematically tracks police placement, program structure, or the impact on students. To investigate school policing in Washington, the ACLU reviewed public records from over 100 school districts, and spoke with parents, juvenile attorneys, police officers, educators, and community leaders. We found: - School policing is widespread. Eighty-four of Washington's 100 largest school districts have police officers assigned to schools on a daily basis. In addition, even schools without police officers assigned to campus may call police to respond to incidents of routine student misconduct. School policing is costly. Schools pay on average $62,000 (and as much as $125,000) per full-time equivalent officer per year. This money that could be more effectively spent on counselors, teachers, and other student support services. Police officers have broad discretion in almost all Washington school districts to arrest students for minor misbehavior. Having police in schools makes it more likely that students will be arrested. Washington's school police programs often lack written guidelines distinguishing between student discipline matters and crimes. This is particularly troubling because Washington law makes it a crime to disturb school, exposing students to criminal prosecution for routine misbehavior. Few of the police officers assigned to schools are required to undergo training on how to work in schools. Only 25 of the school/police contracts surveyed require police officers in schools to participate in any form of specialized training. This fails to account for the fact that schools are educational environments that should not be policed like a normal beat. Few schools collect any data on officer activities, including arrests. Only 14 school/police contracts require any form of data collection on officer activities. This makes it hard for districts to assess the impact of police in school, including the effects on students' constitutional rights and any discriminatory impact on students of color or students with disabilities. School police are rarely accountable to students, parents, and teachers. Only one school district has a clear civilian complaint process to address officer conduct in schools. In over 70 school districts, school officials have no clear role in supervising or evaluating police officers stationed in schools. In 55 districts, school officials have no input in the hiring or selection of an officer to be assigned to schools. The ACLU of Washington believes that police officers should not be a regular part of the school environment. Students, teachers, and school staff deserve safe, quality schools - but this cannot be accomplished by reliance on school policing. On the contrary, school policing as currently practiced in Washington - with few guidelines and scant oversight - may even make schools less safe by alienating students from school and contributing to the school to prison pipeline. Rather than investing in police, schools should prioritize counselors, mental health professionals, social workers, teacher training and evidence-based programs to improve the school climate, schools can help students reduce routine adolescent misbehavior and address the underlying social causes that may be contributing to it. This report documents and evaluates Washington's school policing and recommends policies that schools, law enforcement, and the legislature should adopt to protect students and ensure safe schools. Details: Seattle, Washington: ACLU of Washington, 2017. 42p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 21, 2019 at: https://www.aclu-wa.org/docs/students-not-suspects-need-reform-school-policing-washington-state Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.aclu-wa.org/docs/students-not-suspects-need-reform-school-policing-washington-state# Shelf Number: 155146 Keywords: Arrests in SchoolLaw EnforcementPolice in SchoolsPolicing in SchoolsSchool DisciplineSchool PolicingSchool SuspensionsSchool to Prison PipelineSchool Violence |
Author: Pan American Development Foundation Title: Participant Handbook: A Curriculum for Police and Specialists in Crime Prevention among Youth Summary: In the past fifteen years, the Caribbean has experienced significant increases in crime, especially with regard to domestic violence, substance abuse and gang activity among youth. These actions have had a major impact on, not only the victims and their families, but also the perpetrators, bystanders and society as a whole. The effects are widespread and include diminishing economic and social returns related to local business, tourism, investment and overall development indicators. Such challenges can result in an overburdened criminal justice system, and have negatively impacted the ability to combat crime by creating fear and distrust among citizens. To address these issues, police and other government agencies are now making social crime prevention a priority. In working together, police, government officials and key members of society can, and do, influence the quality of life in their communities. By creating mutually beneficial and trusting relationships, they can ensure government-citizen collaboration that affects positive change where they serve, especially among the next generation. The key is creating community-driven strategies for addressing crimes, while using evidence-based practices to apply lessons learned and ensure sustainability. This course is designed to help police and other specialists in crime prevention resolve the root causes of youth violence. It seeks to provide participants with an understanding of the role police and others (including youth) can play in crime prevention, as well as the importance of approaching prevention through a holistic process involving coordination across government agencies, community groups and families. It also aims to encourage participants to appreciate that the quality of community life can be improved by replacing longstanding barriers of mistrust with opportunities for partnership and communication. Ultimately, this course will provide participants with concrete skills for working with potential offenders through leadership, critical thinking, communication, planning and outreach. This Participant Handbook is meant to serve as an accompaniment to a 31-hour class-based course. It includes 10 modules in total, each consisting of 3 approximately one-hour long lessons (minus Module 9, which covers only one 4-hour lesson). The course addresses social crime prevention, communication, leadership, causes of youth crime and violence, evidence-based practices, politics, ethics, social media and action plans. There is a mid-term and final exam, as well as a class presentation on the action plans created. Details: Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Ministry of National Security and Pan American Development Foundation, 2014. 107p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 21, 2019 at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54073cece4b0bf6cd12bf4c9/t/546cebe5e4b07045cfc3fe5d/1416424421200/T%26T+Participant+Handbook+Sept+2014+FINAL_sm.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Trinidad and Tobago URL: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54073cece4b0bf6cd12bf4c9/t/546cebe5e4b07045cfc3fe5d/1416424421200/T%26T+Participant+Handbook+Sept+2014+FINAL_sm.pdf Shelf Number: 155944 Keywords: Crime PreventionGang ActivityLaw EnforcementTraining HandbookTrinidad and TobagoViolence Reduction |
Author: Office of Inspector General, Department of Veterans Affairs Title: Inadequate Governance of the VA Police Program at Medical Facilities Summary: The Office of Inspector General (OIG) audited the VA security and law enforcement program (police program) to determine whether there was an effective governance structure for reasonably assuring that the programs objectives were being met. These objectives include the approximately 4,000 police officer workforce providing security for patients, visitors, and employees at Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical facilities. The OIG also assessed whether VA police met requirements for staffing size and qualifications, and had an adequate inspection program to ensure compliance with policies and procedures. The OIG found that VA did not have adequate governance over its police program to maintain effective management and oversight. The governance problems stemmed from confusion about police program roles and authority as well as the lack of a coordinated or centralized governance structure. According to VA policy, VHA leaders maintain primary responsibility for ensuring police program requirements are achieved. However, the Office of Security and Law Enforcement (OS&LE), a VA staff office that falls outside of VHA, has limited program oversight responsibilities such as developing and issuing national policies and inspecting police operations at VHA facilities. OS&LE does not have program authority to manage VA police operations at local medical facilities. The OIG made recommendations for VA to (1) clarify program responsibilities between VHA and the Office of Operations, Security, and Preparedness (under which OS&LE operates) and evaluate the need for a centralized management entity; (2) ensure facility-appropriate police staffing models are implemented; (3) have facilities use available strategies to address police staffing challenges; (4) assess staffing levels for the OS&LE police inspection program and provide resources for timely inspections of police units; and (5) make certain that procedures are developed for conducting VA police investigations of medical facility leaders. Details: Washington, DC: Office of Inspector General, Department of Veterans Affairs, 2018. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 23, 2019 at: https://www.va.gov/oig/pubs/VAOIG-17-01007-01.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://oversight.gov/report/va/inadequate-governance-va-police-program-medical-facilities Shelf Number: 156020 Keywords: Law EnforcementOffice of Inspector GeneralOffice of Security and Law EnforcementPolice InvestigationsPolice ProgramPolice StaffingPolice Units |
Author: Carrington, Kerry Title: The Role of Women's Police Stations in Widening Access to Justice and Eliminating Gender Violence Summary: This address is relevant to the priority theme of the 63rd meeting of the UN CSW of providing access to sustainable infrastructure for gender equality and the empowerment of women in order to eliminate violence against women and girls. First, outline the case for sex segregated policing, then briefly describe the emergence of women's police stations, next we outline the results of our study on the role of women's police stations in Argentina in responding to and preventing gender violence. Finally, we present some policy and practice lessons for UN Women to consider in relation to achieving the sustainable development goal of eliminating violence against women. The study is funded by the Australian Research Council and includes a multi-country team of researchers from Australia and Argentina whose contributions we gratefully acknowledge. Details: S.L.: United Nations Conference Paper, 2019. 17p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 30, 2019 at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127632/ Year: 2019 Country: International URL: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/127632/1/UN%20CSW%20women%27s%20police%20stations%2016%20March.pdf Shelf Number: 156094 Keywords: Female Police OfficersGender and CrimeGender EqualityLaw EnforcementPolice DepartmentsViolence Against WomenWomen Police Officers |
Author: American Civil Liberties Union of DC Title: Racial Disparities in D.C. Policing: Descriptive Evidence from 2013-2017 Summary: Racial disparities pervade criminal justice systems across the country; Washington, D.C. is no exception. The District of Columbia's Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) recently provided extensive arrest data for the years 2013 to 2017 in response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Open the Government and ACLU-DC. An examination of that data by the ACLU Analytics Team revealed a pattern of disproportionate arrests of Black people that persists across geographic areas and offense types. It also showed that MPD arrests thousands of people every year for relatively minor offenses. This report analyzes these trends and proposes steps for addressing them. Details: Washington, DC: American Civil Liberties Union of DC, 2019. 10p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 7, 2019 at: https://www.acludc.org/en/racial-disparities-dc-policing-descriptive-evidence-2013-2017 Year: 2019 Country: United States URL: https://www.acludc.org/en/racial-disparities-dc-policing-descriptive-evidence-2013-2017 Shelf Number: 156213 Keywords: ArrestsLaw EnforcementPolicingRacial DisparitiesRacial ProfilingRacism |
Author: Brock, Marieke Title: Historical Overview of U.S. Policy and Legislative Responses to Honor-Based Violence, Forced Marriage, and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Summary: Within the U.S. Department of Justice, the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the research, development, and evaluation agency tasked with responding to administration priorities, as well as providing the criminal justice community with accurate, qualitative, and quantitative research. In addition to these analytical efforts, NIJ funds the creation of field tools and technology that may help reduce crime, mitigate recidivism, and promote justice. In the summer of 2018, NIJ contracted the Federal Research Division (FRD) within the Library of Congress for research and analytical support to aid its response to Section 11 of Executive Order 13780, Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, which was issued on March 6, 2017, by President Donald J. Trump. This particular section directs the government to increase its transparency with the American people and to improve its policies and procedures by collecting (and making public) information on the numbers and types of acts of gender-based violence, including so-called "honor killings," by foreign nationals living in the United States. The goal of this report is to support law enforcement's ability to understand and accurately identify acts of gender-based violence in the United States that are rooted in cultural practices. This report represents a high-level analysis, comprising a concise global historical perspective of the practices that promulgate honor-based violence, forced marriage, and female genital mutilation/cutting; a current snapshot of gender-based violence in the United States; and an overview of existing responses to these forms of violence across the federal government. The analysis in this report is based on a literature review of peer-reviewed research published in current periodicals and scholarly journals, as well as online. Additional resources include reports, trainings, and websites published by advocacy groups, national governments, and international organizations. The main body of the report, which lays out the research findings by the type of violence and lists current government efforts, is followed by a series of appendices that support its contents. FRD provides customized research and analytical services on domestic and international topics to agencies of the U.S. government, the District of Columbia, and authorized federal contractors on a cost-recovery basis. This report represents an independent analysis by FRD and the author, who sought to adhere to accepted standards of scholarly objectivity. It should not be considered an expression of an official U.S. government position, policy, or decision. This project was supported by Contract No. DJO-NIJ-18-RO-0111 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2018. 83p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2019 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/252841.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/app/Publications/DateList.aspx?sort=dateentered&recordsPerPage=10&page=1&lowerrangeboundary=9 Shelf Number: 156536 Keywords: Female Cutting Female Genital Mutilation Forced Marriage Gender-Based Violence Honor-Based Violence Law Enforcement |
Author: Oxford Economics Title: Combatting Illicit Trade: Country Spotlight: Kazakhstan Summary: Stakeholders in Kazakhstan - executives, policy -makers and law enforcement - estimate that 13% of all goods are purchased illicitly, the same as the European average. While the highest levels are reported in cigarettes (15%), medicines have seen the greatest growth rate, of 5% over the past three years. Kazakh consumers estimate total illicit purchases at 38%, the same as the European average. But there are differences across products, with alcohol ranking 7 percentage points higher than the European average and cigarettes at 9 percentage points below. Consumers say the highest levels of total illicit purchases can be found in films, at 62%. Kazakhstan is composed of very high levels of Bargain Hunters (23% vs. 14% for all of Europe), a similar number of Opportunists (42% vs. 40%), fewer Critics (24% vs. 32%) and Activists (11% vs. 14%). For each of these consumer segments, the most effective strategy to reduce illicit trade is quality assurance, though for Bargain Hunters, reducing cost and improving availability would be equally effective. Over the next three years, Kazakh executives will focus on changes centred around price, quality, and service (45%), and product authentication (45%). Policy officials will raise awareness through consumer campaigns and change penalties for retailers (both 60%). Law enforcement will focus on collaboration (with several initiatives prioritised by more than half of respondents), while also automating manual customs procedures (51%). Details: Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Economics, 2018. 12p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 2, 2019 at: https://d1iydh3qrygeij.cloudfront.net/Media/Default/landing-pages/recent-releases/2018/PMI/Kazakhstan.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Kazakhstan URL: https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/thought-leadership/combatting-illicit-trade/country-and-product-reports Shelf Number: 157098 Keywords: Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals Illicit Cigarette Trade Illicit Economy Illicit Trade Law Enforcement |